Framing menopause from negative emotional language A study of metaphors in medical discourse
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study adopts a corpus-based approach to the analysis of how the discourse of menopause is framed metaphorically, with a specific focus on negative emotional language. Using Wmatrix for the corpus analysis, the study takes as a starting point semantic tags for the most frequent emotions. Metaphorical expressions related to different aspects of menopause are extracted from the corpus and analyzed, in terms of biological processes and associated emotional and mental states. The aim is to reveal the most prominent metaphorical frames that emerge in such discourse, assessing their influence in shaping the conceptualization of menopause and underscoring their effect on societal perceptions of this stage in women’s life. Key findings highlight four dominant framings: menopause as emotional turbulence, as disruptive change, as hormonal conflict, and as a challenge to societal and personal identity. The study concludes that dominant metaphorical framings of menopause reinforce stereotypes about women by presenting this stage of life as marked by emotional turmoil, loss of identity and symptoms of various kinds, thus shaping social perceptions that oversimplify and negatively color this important life transition.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
An open-access CREATIVE COMMONS copyright license is used. Those authors whose works are published by this journal, accept the following terms:
- Authors will retain their copyright and guarantee the Journal the right to first publish their work, which will simultaneously be subject to the Creative Commons Recognition License CC BY SA that allows third parties to share the work, provided that its author and first publication is indicated.
- Authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements for the distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., deposit it in an institutional telematics file or publish it in a monographic volume) provided that the initial publication in this journal is indicated.
- Authors are allowed and recommended to disseminate their work over the Internet (e.g. in institutional telematics files or on their website) before and during the submission process, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase quotes of the published work.
Funding data
-
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Grant numbers TED2021-130040B-C21 -
European Commission
References
Archer, Dawn., Wilson, Andrew & Paul Rayson (2002). Introduction to the USAS Category System. In Benedict project report. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/usas/usas guide.pdf
Charteris-Black, Jonathan (2004). Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave. DOI: 0.1057/9780230000612.
Charteris-Black, Jonathan (2004). Metaphor and Thought. In Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis (pp. 7–24). Palgrave Macmillan.
Deignan, Alice (2005). Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075/celcr.6
Deignan, Alice & Elena Semino (2010). Corpus techniques for metaphor analysis. In L. Cameron, & R. Maslen (Eds.), Metaphor Analysis: Research Practice in Applied Linguistics, Social Sciences and the Humanities (pp. 161–179). London, UK: Equinox
Demmen, Jane, Semino, Elena, Demjén, Zsófia, Koller, Veronika, Hardie, Andrew, Rayson, Paul, & Sheila Payne (2015). A computer-assisted study of the use of Violence metaphors for cancer and end of life by patients, family carers and health professionals. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, August, 205–231. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.2.03dem
Dodge, Ellen, Hong, Jisup, Stickles, Elise, & Oana David (2013). The MetaNet Wiki: A collaborative online resource for metaphor and image schema analysis. In 12th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference (ICLC 12).
Entman, Robert. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Jimenez, Tyler, Arndt, Jamie, & Mark J. Landau (2021). Walls Block Waves: Using an Inundation Metaphor of Immigration Predicts Support for a Border Wall. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 9(1), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6383
Kazemian, Reza, & Somayeh Hatamzadeh (2022). COVID-19 in English and Persian: A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Illness Metaphors across Languages. Metaphor and Symbol, 37(2), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1994839
Koller, Veronika, Hardie, Andrew, Rayson, Paul, & Elena Semino (2008). Using a semantic annotation tool for the analysis of metaphor in discourse. Metaphorik.De, 15, 141–160.
Kövecses, Zoltán, Ambrus, Laura, Hegedűs, Dániel, Imai, Ren, & Anna Sobczak (2019). The lexical vs. corpus-based method in the study of metaphors. In M. Bolognesi, M. Brdar, & K. Despot (Eds.), Metaphor and metonymy in the digital age : theory and methods for building repositories of figurative language (pp. 149–173). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/milcc.8.07kov
Kövecses, Zoltán (2000). Metaphor and emotion: Language, culture, and body in human feeling. Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, Robin T. (2000). The language war. Univ of California Press.
Lakoff, George (2006). Simple framing: An introduction to framing and its uses in politics, Rockridge Institute. Available from tinyurl.com/yl97j6wj
Lazar, Amanda, Su, Norman M., Bardzell, Jeffrey, & Shaowen Bardzell (2019). Parting the Red Sea: Sociotechnical Systems and Lived Experiences of Menopause. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk12r9h.13
Martin, Emily (1994). Medical Metaphors of Women’s Bodies: Menstruation and Menopause. In Women’s Health, Politics, and Power (pp. 213–232).
Martin, Emily (1997). The woman in the menopausal body. In Reinterpreting Menopause: Cultural and Philosophical Issues (pp. 239–254). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203379516-19
Niland, Patricia R. (2010). Metaphors of Menopause in Medicine [Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand]. https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/1338/02whole.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Porto Requejo, María D (2023). Polarización en periódicos españoles: significado y contextos de uso. Cultura, Lenguaje y Representación, 30, 223–242. https://doi.org/10.6035/clr.6939
Pragglejaz Group (2007). MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms2201_1
Rayson, Paul (2008). From key words to key semantic domains. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 4, 519–549.
Rojo López, Ana M., & María Á. Orts Llopis (2010). Metaphorical pattern analysis in financial texts: Framing the crisis in positive or negative metaphorical terms. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(12), 3300–3313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.06.001 Semino, Elena, Demjén, Zsófia., Hardie, Andrew, Payne, Sheila & Paul Rayson (Eds.) (2017). Metaphor, Cancer and the End of Life. A Corpus-Based Study. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315629834.
Semino, Elena., Demjén, Zsófia, & Jane Demmen (2018). An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse, and practice, with an application to metaphors for cancer. Applied Linguistics, 39(5), 625–645. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw028
Sopory, Pradeep & James P. Dillard (2002). The persuasive effects of metaphor: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 382-419.
Steen, Gerad J., Dorst, Aletta G., Herrmann, J. Berenike, Kaal, Anna, Krennmayr, Tina & Trijntje Pasma. (2010). A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification. From MIP to MIPVU. John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/celcr.14
Stefanowitsch, Anatol (2008). Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy. In A. Stefanowitsch & S. T. Gries (Eds.), Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy (pp. 1–16). Mouton De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199895.1 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199895
Tilt, Edward J. (1870) The Change of Life in Health and Disease: A Practical Treatise on the Nervous and other Affections Incidental to Women at the Decline of Life. London : J. Churchill & Sons [Available at: https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21081190]