The Potential of Interrogative Sentences to Generate Conflict
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to describe how the use of interrogative sentences can contribute to the induction of negative emotions and, consequently, increase the likelihood of conflict or its escalation.
For this purpose, this paper analyses quantitatively a corpus obtained from the recording and transcription of therapy sessions of different Spanish couples. Specifically, for this paper, three sessions corresponding to three different therapy moments of four different couples were selected. This means that 12 therapy sessions and, approximately, 900 minutes of recording were analysed.
Once the interrogative sentences used by the couples have been identified, the following aspects are described and quantified in order to answer the following questions: What is the underlying intention behind the use of these sentences by the couples in these situations? Is there variation in how different couples use them? Do the uses change consistently as the therapy progresses? Is there a correlation between the pragmatic use of these sentences and the specific types of interrogative sentences used in each case?
The analysis reveals a variety of uses depending on the couples. However, it also detects a minority use of interrogative sentences for requesting unknown information and, conversely, a prevalence of uses aimed at making the speaker's position prevail, although through the mitigation allowed by an open statement. Finally, the analysis also shows a strong correlation between the pragmatic use of interrogative sentences and their form.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
An open-access CREATIVE COMMONS copyright license is used. Those authors whose works are published by this journal, accept the following terms:
- Authors will retain their copyright and guarantee the Journal the right to first publish their work, which will simultaneously be subject to the Creative Commons Recognition License CC BY SA that allows third parties to share the work, provided that its author and first publication is indicated.
- Authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements for the distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., deposit it in an institutional telematics file or publish it in a monographic volume) provided that the initial publication in this journal is indicated.
- Authors are allowed and recommended to disseminate their work over the Internet (e.g. in institutional telematics files or on their website) before and during the submission process, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase quotes of the published work.
Funding data
-
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Grant numbers PID2020-114805GB-100 -
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Grant numbers MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033
References
Albelda-Marco, Marta (2022). Rhetorical questions as reproaching devices. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00077.alb
Blanco Salgueiro, Antonio (2008). Cómo hacer cosas malas con palabras: actos ilocucionarios hostiles y los fundamentos de la teoría de los actos de habla. Crítica, 40 (118), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2008.1017
Blas Arroyo, José Luis (2010). La función de las preguntas en un discurso agonal: el debate electoral cara a cara. Discurso & Sociedad, 4.4, 675-705.
Bolinger, Dwight (1957). Interrogative Structures of American English: The Direct Question, Publication of the American Dialect Society, 28. University of Alabama Press.
Brenes Peña, Ester (2011). Actos de habla disentivos: identificación y análisis. Ediciones Alfar S.A
Briz Gómez, Antonio (e.p.): Para el análisis de conversaciones de conflicto de pareja.
Briz Gómez, Antonio, Pons, Salvador, & Portolés, José (coords.) (2008). Diccionario de partículas discursivas del español. En línea, www.dpde.es.
Brown, Penelope & Levinson, Stephen C. (1978/ 1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.
Burguera Serra, Joan G. (2009). Gramática y pragmática de la interrogación retórica en español. Una aplicación al debate parlamentario. Universitat de Barcelona.
Clancy, Bryan (2018). Conflict in corpora: Investigating family conflict sequences using a corpus pragmatic approach. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 6 (2), 228-248. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00011.cla
Chen, Guo-Ming (2011). An introduction to key concepts in understanding the Chinese: Harmony as the foundation of Chinese communication. China Media Research, 7(4), 1-12.
Cuenca, M.ª José (1996). Aproximació sintàctico-pragmàtica a les «questions-tags» en català. En A. Schönberger & T. D. Stegmann (eds.), Actes del desè Col• loqui Internacional de Llengua i Literatura Catalanes (pp. 397-408). Frankfurt-am-Main, (Vol. 3).
Cuenca, M.ª José & Castellà, Josep M.ª (1995). Una caracterització cognitiva de les preguntes confirmatòries («question tags»). Caplletra. Revista Internacional de Filologia, 18, 65-84. https://raco.cat/index.php/Caplletra/article/view/299055.
Escandell Vidal, Victoria (1999). Los enunciados interrogativos. Aspectos semánticos y pragmáticos. En I. Bosque & V. Demonte (Eds.), Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española (pp. 3929–3992). Espasa.
Freed, Alice (1994). The form and function of questions in informal dyadic conversation. Journal of pragmatics, 21(6), 621-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90101-5
Grice, Herbert Paul (1975). Logic and conversation. Speech acts (pp. 41-58). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004368811_003
Grice, Herbert Paul (1978). Further notes on logic and conversation. Pragmatics (pp. 113-127). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004368873_006
Grimshaw, Allen (ed.) (1990). Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations. Cambridge University Press.
Gruber, Helmut (1998). Disagreeing: Structure and sequential placement of disagreements in conflicts phase of talk. Text, 18(4), 467-503.
Gruber, Helmut (2001). Questions and strategic orientation in verbal conflict sequences. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(12), 1815-1857. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00083-7
Gu, Yueguo (1990). Politeness Phenomena in Modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 237‐257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90082-O
Haverkate, Henk (2006). Aspectos pragmalingüísticos de la interrogación en español con atención especial a las secuencias de preguntas. Cultura, lenguaje y representación: revista de estudios culturales, 27-40.
Heritage, John (2002). The Limits of Questioning: Negative Interrogatives and Hostile Question Content. Journal of Pragmatics, 34 (10–11), 1427–1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00072-3
Hidalgo, Antonio & Briz Gómez, Antonio (2023). Partículas discursivas y prosodia: Los marcadores de control de contacto ¿sabes? y ¿entiendes? Spanish in Context. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.21027.hid
Hymes, Dell (1972). Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life. En J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (eds.): Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication (pp. 35–71). Holts Rinehart & Winston.
Jeffries, L. & O’Driscoll, J. (2019). Introduction. En M. B. Evans, L. Jeffries & J. O’Driscoll (eds.): The Routledge handbook of language in conflict (1-9). Routledge.
Koshik, Irene (2005). Beyond rhetorical questions: Assertive questions in everyday interaction. John Benjamins Publishing.
Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark (1995 [1986]). Metáforas de la vida cotidiana. Cátedra. 2ª ed.
Lakoff, Robin (1973). The logic of politeness: Or, minding your p’s and q’s. En Proceedings from the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 292-305). Chicago Linguistic Society.
Ley Orgánica 3/2020, de 29 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley Orgánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2020/12/29/3
Longobardi, Sara (2021). Funciones de la oración interrogativa directa en los textos orales de las series de televisión españolas. Cuadernos AISPI, 18(2), 97-124. https://doi.org/10.14672/2.2021.1870
Muntigl, Peter & Turnbull, William (1998). Conversational structure and facework in arguing. Journal of Pragmatics, 29, 3, 225-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(97)00048-9
Pan, Yuling (2000). Politeness in Chinese Face‐to‐Face Interaction. Elsevier.
Querol-Bataller, María (2023). Construcciones interrogativas en las sesiones de terapia: una herramienta para la (des)escalada del conflicto. Anuario de Estudios Filológicos, 46, 279-301. https://doi.org/10.17398/2660-7301.46.279
Raymond, Geoffrey (2003). Grammar and social organization: Yes/no interrogatives and the structure of responding. American sociological review, 939-967. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519752
Sanmartín-Sáez, Julia & Albelda-Marco-Marco, Marta (2023). La interpretación del discurso reproducido como fuente de conflicto en conversaciones familiares. Rilce. Revista De Filología Hispánica, 39(2), 742-771. https://doi.org/
15581/008.39.2.742-71
Schiffrin, Deborah (1984). Jewish Argument as Sociability. Language in Society, 13 (3), 311-335. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500010526
Schmidt-Radefeldt, Jürgen (1977). On so-called ‘rhetorical’ questions. Journal of pragmatics, 1(4), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(77)90029-7
Sifianou, Maria (2019). Conflict, disagreement and (im) politeness. En M. Evans, L. Lesley Jeffries, & J. O’Driscoll (eds.), The Routledge handbook of language in conflict (pp. 176-195). Routledge.
Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2008). Culturally Speaking. Culture, Communication and Politeness. Continuum, 2ª ed.
Steensig, Jakob, & Drew, Paul (eds.) (2008). Questioning and affiliation/disaffiliation in interaction. Discourse Studies, 10(1), 5–15. http://www.jstor.org/
stable/24049337
Steensig, Jakob, & Larsen, Tine (2008). Affiliative and disaffiliative uses of you say x questions. Discourse Studies, 10(1), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/
Stivers, Tanya, Mondada, Lorenza, & Steensig, Jakob (2011). Knowledge, morality and affiliation in social interaction. En The morality of knowledge in conversation (pp. 3-24). Cambridge University Press.
Stivers, Tine (2008). Stance, Alignment, and Affiliation During Storytelling: When Nodding Is a Token of Affiliation. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 41(1), 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810701691123
Stivers, Tine (2008). Stance, Alignment, and Affiliation During Storytelling: When Nodding Is a Token of Affiliation. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 41(1), 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810701691123
Uclés Ramada, Gloria (2020). Las funciones interactivas del marcador español ‘¿no?’ Las fronteras entre la atenuación y la protección de la imagen. Revista Signos. Estudios de Lingüística, 53 (104), 790-814. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-09342020000300790.
Wu, Yaxin y Zhou, Xiali (2020). Addressing information discrepancies in conversation: bú shì…ma? interrogatives as account solicitations in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 162, 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.pragma.2020.03.005