La narrativa biográfica como contradiscurso feminista en «The Rosa Parks Story» (2002) de Julie Dash
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Publicado:
dic 13, 2023
Palabras clave:
cine, película biográfica, feminismo, afroamericana, empoderamiento
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Resumen
El filme biográfico en su forma más convencional ha tenido como objetivo principal venerar las vidas y obras de ilustres hombres blancos en su consagración de figuras heroicas. Al reapropiarse de este género para celebrar el activismo de Rosa Parks, Julie Dash consigue otorgarle a una mujer afroamericana la distinción de heroína monumental, un trato poco frecuente para las mujeres negras en el cine comercial. Sin embargo, Julie Dash juega con la forma y rompe los moldes al reflexionar sobre la construcción mediática de las narrativas heroicas. The Rosa Parks Story celebra la complejidad de Parks como ser humano y activista comprometida, y la sitúa en el interior del colectivo de activistas que participaron en las revueltas por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos. El resultado es un filme elegante, profundo y reflexivo que pone el foco sobre el papel influyente de Rosa Parks y sus «hermanas en la lucha» (Collier-Thomas y V.P. Franklin, 2001, p. 4) en un movimiento cimentado en poderosas alianzas que fueron más allá del reconocido boicot a los autobuses de Montgomery.
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Platas-Alonso, M. (2023). La narrativa biográfica como contradiscurso feminista en «The Rosa Parks Story» (2002) de Julie Dash. Asparkía. Investigació Feminista, (43), 143–161. https://doi.org/10.6035/asparkia.7206
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Artículos
Citas
«Angela Bassett, Cycely Tyson and Peter Francis James Star in TV Movie The Rosa Parks Story». (25 de febrero de 2002). Jet, 101 (10), 58-62.
Alexander, George. (2003). Julie Dash. En Alenxander, George (Ed.), Why We Make Movies. Black Filmmakers Talk About the Magic of Cinema (pp. 223-243). Harlem Moon.
Barnett, Bernice McNair. (1993). Invisible Southern Black Women Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement: The Triple Constraints of Gender, Race, and Class. Gender and Society, 7(2), 162-182. http://www.jstor.org/stable/189576
Berger, Martin A. (2011). Seeing through Race: A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography. University of California Press.
Bingham, Dennis. (2010). Whose Lives Are They Anyway? The Biopic as Contemporary Film Genre. Rutgers University Press.
Buirski, Nancy. (2017). The Rape of Recy Taylor. Augusta Films.
Carlson, Dennis. (2003). Troubling Heroes: Of Rosa Parks, Multicultural Education, and Critical Pedagogy. Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies, 3 (1), 44-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708603239267
Collier-Thomas, Bettye, y V. P. Franklin. (2001). Introduction: In the Whip of the Whirlwind. En Collier-Thomas, Bettye, y Franklin, V. P. (Eds.), Sisters in the Struggle. African American Women in the Civil Rights – Black Power Movement (pp. 1-8). New York University Press.
Crenshaw, Kimberle. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Dash, Julie. (2003). The Rosa Parks Story. Xenon Pictures.
Doherty, Thomas. (2000). Malcolm X: In Print, On Screen. Biography, 23 (1), 29-48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23540201
Dreier, Peter. (2006). Rosa Parks: Angry, Not Tired. Dissent, 53 (1), 88-92. doi:10.1353/dss.2006.0041
Ebiri, Bilge. (17 de noviembre de 2016). The «Daughter» Returns: Julie Dash Speaks About her Triumphant Revival – And Where She’s Been. The Village Voice, www.villagevoice.com/2016/11/17/the-daughter-returns-julie-dash-speaks-about-her-triumphant-revival-and-where-shes-been/
Fowler, Stephen. (17 de octubre de 2020). Why Do Nonwhite Georgia Voters Have to Wait in Line for Hours? Too Few Polling Places. NPR. www.npr.org/2020/10/17/924527679/why-do-nonwhite-georgia-voters-have-to-wait-in-line-for-hours-too-few-polling-pl.
Gide, André. 1947. Journals 1889-1913, Volume I. Knopf.
Herrera, Orlando Jr. (2019). No Darkies Sit in This Section of the Bus: Yesterday and Today. Ayize Songaa Publishing.
Houck, Davis, W. y Dixon, David E. (Eds.) (2009). Women and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965. University Press of Mississippi.
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, y Howells, William Dean. (2018). The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar. Forgotten Books.
Harris, Adam. (11 de noviembre de 2020). What Biden Owes Black Voters. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/11/black-voters-saved-joe-bidens-campaign/617055.
Hutcheon, Linda. (1980). Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. Methuen.
Johnson, Clark. (2001). Boycott. HBO, Norman Twain Productions, Shelby Stone Productions.
Lee, Spike. (1992). Malcolm X. Warner Bros. Largo International, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, JVC Entertainment Networks.
(2001). A Huey P. Newton Story. Luna Ray Films.
Letort, Delphine. (2012). The Rosa Parks Story: The Making of a Civil Rights Icon. Black Camera, 3 (2), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.31
Lorde, Audre. (1984). Sister Outsider. Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde. The Crossing Press.
McGhee-Hilt, Felicia. (2008). Successful Communication in a Social Movement: A Case Study of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. PhD diss., University of Tennessee. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/570.
McGuire, Danielle L. (2011). At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance. A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power. Vintage Books.
Monteith, Sharon. (1999). Revisiting the 1960s in Contemporary Fiction: «Where do We Go from Here?». En Ling, Peter J., y Monteith, Sharon (Eds.), Gender in the Civil Rights Movement (pp. 215-238). Garland Publishing.
(2003). The Movie-made Movement: Civil Rites of Passage. En Grainge, Paul (Ed.), Memory and Popular Film (pp. 120-143). Manchester University Press.
Parker, Alan. (1988). Mississippi Burning, Orion Pictures.
Parks, Rosa, y Haskins, Jim. (1992). Rosa Parks, My Story. Puffin Books.
Pearce, Richard. (1990). The Long Walk Home, Miramax.
Robnett, Belinda. (1997). How Long? How Long? African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Oxford University Press.
Ron, Moshe. (1987). The Restricted Abyss: Nine Problems in the Theory of Mise En Abyme. Poetics Today, 8(2), 417-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1773044
Rouse, Jacqueline A. (2001). «We Seek to Know... in Order to Speak the Truth»: Nurturing the Seeds of Discontent – Septima P. Clark and Participatory Leadership. En Collier-Thomas, Bettye, y Franklin, V. P. (Eds.), Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement (pp. 95-120). New York University Press.
Schwartz, Barry. (2009). Collective Forgetting and the Symbolic Power of Oneness: The Strange Apotheosis of Rosa Parks. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72 (2), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250907200204
Shah, Paru, y Smith, Robert S. (2021). Legacies of Segregation and Disenfranchisement: The Road from Plessy to Frank and Voter ID Laws in the United States. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 7(1), 134-146. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2021.7.1.08
Smith, Valerie. (2014). Black Women’s Memories and The Help. Southern Cultures, 20 (1) no. 1, 26-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26217337
Theoharis, Jeanne. (2012). The Northern Promised Land That Wasn’t: Rosa Parks and the Black Freedom Struggle in Detroit. OAH Magazine of History, 26 (1), 23-27. doi: 10.1093/oahmag/oar054
(2015a). Beyond the Bus: Rosa Park’s Lifelong Struggle for Justice. The Library of Congress Magazine, 4 (2), 16-18. https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers/articles-and-essays/beyond-the-bus/
(2015b). The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Beacon Press.
Williams, Donnie, y Greenhaw, Wayne. (2006). The Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the People Who Broke the Back of Jim Crow. Lawrence Hill Books.
Worland, Justin. (22 de octubre de 2020). How the Trump Campaign is Trying to Suppress the Black Vote. Time. time.com/5902729/black-voter-suppression-2020.
Alexander, George. (2003). Julie Dash. En Alenxander, George (Ed.), Why We Make Movies. Black Filmmakers Talk About the Magic of Cinema (pp. 223-243). Harlem Moon.
Barnett, Bernice McNair. (1993). Invisible Southern Black Women Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement: The Triple Constraints of Gender, Race, and Class. Gender and Society, 7(2), 162-182. http://www.jstor.org/stable/189576
Berger, Martin A. (2011). Seeing through Race: A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography. University of California Press.
Bingham, Dennis. (2010). Whose Lives Are They Anyway? The Biopic as Contemporary Film Genre. Rutgers University Press.
Buirski, Nancy. (2017). The Rape of Recy Taylor. Augusta Films.
Carlson, Dennis. (2003). Troubling Heroes: Of Rosa Parks, Multicultural Education, and Critical Pedagogy. Cultural Studies, Critical Methodologies, 3 (1), 44-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708603239267
Collier-Thomas, Bettye, y V. P. Franklin. (2001). Introduction: In the Whip of the Whirlwind. En Collier-Thomas, Bettye, y Franklin, V. P. (Eds.), Sisters in the Struggle. African American Women in the Civil Rights – Black Power Movement (pp. 1-8). New York University Press.
Crenshaw, Kimberle. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Dash, Julie. (2003). The Rosa Parks Story. Xenon Pictures.
Doherty, Thomas. (2000). Malcolm X: In Print, On Screen. Biography, 23 (1), 29-48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23540201
Dreier, Peter. (2006). Rosa Parks: Angry, Not Tired. Dissent, 53 (1), 88-92. doi:10.1353/dss.2006.0041
Ebiri, Bilge. (17 de noviembre de 2016). The «Daughter» Returns: Julie Dash Speaks About her Triumphant Revival – And Where She’s Been. The Village Voice, www.villagevoice.com/2016/11/17/the-daughter-returns-julie-dash-speaks-about-her-triumphant-revival-and-where-shes-been/
Fowler, Stephen. (17 de octubre de 2020). Why Do Nonwhite Georgia Voters Have to Wait in Line for Hours? Too Few Polling Places. NPR. www.npr.org/2020/10/17/924527679/why-do-nonwhite-georgia-voters-have-to-wait-in-line-for-hours-too-few-polling-pl.
Gide, André. 1947. Journals 1889-1913, Volume I. Knopf.
Herrera, Orlando Jr. (2019). No Darkies Sit in This Section of the Bus: Yesterday and Today. Ayize Songaa Publishing.
Houck, Davis, W. y Dixon, David E. (Eds.) (2009). Women and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965. University Press of Mississippi.
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, y Howells, William Dean. (2018). The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar. Forgotten Books.
Harris, Adam. (11 de noviembre de 2020). What Biden Owes Black Voters. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/11/black-voters-saved-joe-bidens-campaign/617055.
Hutcheon, Linda. (1980). Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. Methuen.
Johnson, Clark. (2001). Boycott. HBO, Norman Twain Productions, Shelby Stone Productions.
Lee, Spike. (1992). Malcolm X. Warner Bros. Largo International, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, JVC Entertainment Networks.
(2001). A Huey P. Newton Story. Luna Ray Films.
Letort, Delphine. (2012). The Rosa Parks Story: The Making of a Civil Rights Icon. Black Camera, 3 (2), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.31
Lorde, Audre. (1984). Sister Outsider. Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde. The Crossing Press.
McGhee-Hilt, Felicia. (2008). Successful Communication in a Social Movement: A Case Study of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. PhD diss., University of Tennessee. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/570.
McGuire, Danielle L. (2011). At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance. A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power. Vintage Books.
Monteith, Sharon. (1999). Revisiting the 1960s in Contemporary Fiction: «Where do We Go from Here?». En Ling, Peter J., y Monteith, Sharon (Eds.), Gender in the Civil Rights Movement (pp. 215-238). Garland Publishing.
(2003). The Movie-made Movement: Civil Rites of Passage. En Grainge, Paul (Ed.), Memory and Popular Film (pp. 120-143). Manchester University Press.
Parker, Alan. (1988). Mississippi Burning, Orion Pictures.
Parks, Rosa, y Haskins, Jim. (1992). Rosa Parks, My Story. Puffin Books.
Pearce, Richard. (1990). The Long Walk Home, Miramax.
Robnett, Belinda. (1997). How Long? How Long? African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights. Oxford University Press.
Ron, Moshe. (1987). The Restricted Abyss: Nine Problems in the Theory of Mise En Abyme. Poetics Today, 8(2), 417-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1773044
Rouse, Jacqueline A. (2001). «We Seek to Know... in Order to Speak the Truth»: Nurturing the Seeds of Discontent – Septima P. Clark and Participatory Leadership. En Collier-Thomas, Bettye, y Franklin, V. P. (Eds.), Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement (pp. 95-120). New York University Press.
Schwartz, Barry. (2009). Collective Forgetting and the Symbolic Power of Oneness: The Strange Apotheosis of Rosa Parks. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72 (2), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250907200204
Shah, Paru, y Smith, Robert S. (2021). Legacies of Segregation and Disenfranchisement: The Road from Plessy to Frank and Voter ID Laws in the United States. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 7(1), 134-146. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2021.7.1.08
Smith, Valerie. (2014). Black Women’s Memories and The Help. Southern Cultures, 20 (1) no. 1, 26-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26217337
Theoharis, Jeanne. (2012). The Northern Promised Land That Wasn’t: Rosa Parks and the Black Freedom Struggle in Detroit. OAH Magazine of History, 26 (1), 23-27. doi: 10.1093/oahmag/oar054
(2015a). Beyond the Bus: Rosa Park’s Lifelong Struggle for Justice. The Library of Congress Magazine, 4 (2), 16-18. https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers/articles-and-essays/beyond-the-bus/
(2015b). The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Beacon Press.
Williams, Donnie, y Greenhaw, Wayne. (2006). The Thunder of Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the People Who Broke the Back of Jim Crow. Lawrence Hill Books.
Worland, Justin. (22 de octubre de 2020). How the Trump Campaign is Trying to Suppress the Black Vote. Time. time.com/5902729/black-voter-suppression-2020.