- Defending Truth and Democracy in the Age of AI: A Framework for Empowering Voters Against Persuasion and Misinformation with AI Literacy

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Zeynep Arda
Lale Basarir

Resum

Witnessing the rising impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in a post-truth environment, our senses’ credibility wanes as the distinction between the real and the imagined becomes increasingly hazy. This study examines AI-generated content and deepfakes’ effects on voters by analyzing their use in Turkish and American politics over the past decade. The ease and speed of creating fake news with AI necessitate constant verification, yet regulation is often lacking, heightening daily anxiety about reality. With the EU’s imminent AI law, this article highlights the dangers of media advocacy (the strategic use of media to influence public opinion) and misinformation (spreading incorrect or misleading information). Through a meticulous literature review, press release analysis, and case studies, the study assesses their possible persuasive impact on voters, elections, and democracy. It identifies the associated risks and proposes a framework to empower voters using technology to reinforce “truth filters,” Intelligence Augmentation, and “AI literacy.” Two concepts that were developed side by side, but with different intentions, while AI aimed to create digital intelligence, Intelligence Augmentation focused instead on using technology to enhance the human capacity.

Descàrregues

Les dades de descàrrega encara no estan disponibles.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Com citar
Arda, Z., & Basarir, L. (2024). - Defending Truth and Democracy in the Age of AI: A Framework for Empowering Voters Against Persuasion and Misinformation with AI Literacy . AdComunica, (28), 115–142. https://doi.org/10.6035/adcomunica.8020
Número
Secció
Informe
Biografies de l'autor/a

Zeynep Arda, Izmir University of Economics

Zeynep Arda [zeynep.arda@ieu.edu.tr] is a Graphic/Interaction Designer and an Associate Professor at the Visual Communication Design Department, Izmir University of Economics, Turkey. She received her PhD degree in Communication Sciences at Universidad Jaume I, Castellón, Spain, with her dissertation “Image Becomes Identity 2.0.” She holds an MA in Interaction Design (Domus Academy, Italy) and MFA in Graphic Design (Bilkent University, Turkey).

Lale Basarir, Izmir University of Economics

-

Referències

Oord, Aaron V.; Dieleman, Sander; Zen, Heiga; Simonyan, Karen; Vinyals, Oriol; Graves, Alex; Kalchbrenner, Nal; Senior, Andrew; Kavukcuoglu, Koray (2016). WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio. In ArXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.03499.

Adams, Dennis M. and Hamm, Mary (2001). Literacy in a Multimedia Age. MA: Christopher-Gordon Publishers.

AFP Indonesia (2023). Old Video of Mexico Explosion Falsely Shared as Israel-Hamas War Footage. In AFP. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.348Q4RW.

Aral, Sinan (2020). The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health - and How We Must Adapt. New York: Crown Currency.

Artificial Intelligence Act (2023). Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://bit.ly/3xBq7H0.

Barnidge, Matthew (2018). Social Affect and Political Disagreement on Social Media. In Social Media + Society, Vol.4, n3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118797721.

Buchanan, Bruce (2006). A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence. In Ai Mag, n26: 53-60.

Cassauwers, Tom (2019). Can artificial intelligence help end fake news? In Horizon: The EU Research and Innovation Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://projects.research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/en/horizon-magazine/can-artificial-intelligence-help-end-fake-news

Cole, Samantha (2017). AI-Assisted Fake Porn Is Here and We’re All Fucked. In Motherboard Tech by Vice. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.vice.com/en/article/gydydm/gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn

Confessore, Nicholas (2018). Cambridge Analytica and Facebook: The Scandal and the Fallout So Far. In New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2024 at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html

Creeber, Glen and Martin, Royston (2008). Digital Culture: Understanding New Media. London: McGraw-Hill Education.

Danesi, Marcel (2017). Eco’s Definition of Semiotics as the Discipline of Lying. In Thellefsen, Torkild and Sørensen, Bent (eds.) Umberto Eco in His Own Words. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501507144-004.

Deng, Jia; Dong, Wei; Socher, Richard; Li, Li-Jia; Li, Kai and Fei-Fei, Li (2009). ImageNet: A Large-scale Hierarchical Image Database. In 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Miami, 248-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848.

Eco, Umberto (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Ellery, Simon. (2023). Fake photos of Pope Francis in a puffer jacket go viral, highlighting the power and peril of AI. CBS News. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-puffer-jacket-fake-photos-deepfake-power-peril-of-ai/

Engelbart, Douglas (1962). Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework. In Contract AF, 49-1024.

Goodfellow, Ian J.; Mirza, Mehdi; Xu, Bing; Ozair, Sherjil; Courville, Aaron and Bengio, Yoshua (2014). Generative Adversarial Networks. In ArXiv. Retrieved 21 March 2024 at https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.2661

Gottfredson, Linda S. (1997). Mainstream Science on Intelligence: An Editorial with 52 Signatories, History and Bibliography. In Intelligence, n24: 13–23.

Groh, Matthew; Epstein, Ziv; Firestone, Chaz; and Picard, Rosalind (2021). Deepfake Detection by Human Crowds, Machines, and Machine-informed Crowds. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.119, n1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110013119.

Groh, Matthew; Epstein, Ziv; Obradovich, Nick; Cebrian, Manuel; and Rahwan, Iyad (2021). Human Detection of Machine Manipulated Media. In ArXiv, Communications of the ACM, Vol.64, n10: 40-47.

Harford, Tim (2024). It’s Only a Matter of Time Before Disinformation Leads to Disaster: Fakes, Forgeries and the Meaning of Meaning in Our Post-truth Era. In Financial Times Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.ft.com/content/0afb2e58-c7e2-4194-a6e0-927afe0c3555

Harize, Ouissal (2023). AI Generated Image Shared as Greek Rescuer Holding a Turkish Child. In Misbar. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://misbar.com/en/factcheck/2023/02/10/ai-generated-image-shared-as-greek-rescuer-holding-a-turkish-child

Hassani, Hossein; Silva, Emmanuel Sirimal; Unger, Stephane; TajMazinani, Maedeh; Mac Feely, Stephen (2020). Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Intelligence Augmentation (IA): What Is the Future? In AI, Vol.1, n2:143-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ai1020008.

Huang, Guanxiong; Wang, Sai (2023). Is Artificial Intelligence More Persuasive than Humans? A Meta-analysis. In Journal of Communication, Vol.73, n6: 552-562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqad024.

Jones, Dorian (2024). Deepfake Videos Used in Local Elections in Turkey as Erdogan Battles for Istanbul. In RFI. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.rfi.fr/en/podcasts/international-report/20240316-deepfake-videos-used-in-local-elections-in-turkey-as-erdogan-battles-for-istanbul

Joy, Bill (2000). Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us. Wired Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/.

Karras, Tero; Laine, Samuli; Aittala, Miika; Hellsten, Janne; Lehtinen, Jaakko; and Timo, Aila (2019). Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGAN. In ArXiv. Retrieved 8 April 2024 at https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04958.

Kaczynski, Theodore (1995). The Unabomber Manifesto1. In Industrial Society and its Future. Retrieved 10 April 2024 at ftp.ai.mit.edu/pub/users/misc/unabomber

Kim, Alex and Yoon, Sangwon (2023). Detecting Rumor Veracity with Only Textual Information by Double-Channel Structure, In Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media, 35-44, DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.03195

Krizhevsky, Alex; Sutskever, Ilya and Hinton, Geoffrey E. (2017). ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. In Communications of the ACM, Vol.60, n6: 84-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3065386

Kurzweil, Ray (2001). InResponse to. The Kurzweil Library and collections: Essays.

Retrieved 10 April 2024 at https://www.thekurzweillibrary.com/in-response-to

Legg, Shane and Hutter, Marcus (2007). A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence. In Goertzel, Ben and Wang, Pei (Eds.) Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithm. Amsterdam: IOS Press Ebooks.

McCarthy, Bill (2023). Ron DeSantis ad uses AI-generated photos of Trump, Fauci. AFP. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33H928Z

McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin L; Rochester, Nathaniel; and Shannon, Claude E. (2006). A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955. In AI Magazine, Vol.27, n4: 12.

McLuhan, Marshall (1951). The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man. New York: Vanguard Press.

Mercier, Hugo (2017). How Gullible are We? A Review of the Evidence from Psychology and Social Science. In Review of General Psychology, Vol.21, n2: 103-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000111.

Pajnik, Mojca (2024). Professionalizing Emotions as Reflective Engagement in Emerging Forms of Journalism. In Journalism Studies, Vol.25, n2: 181–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2289920.

Parkin, Simon (2019). The Rise of the Deepfake and the Threat to Democracy. In The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2019/jun/22/the-rise-of-the-deepfake-and-the-threat-to-democracy

Parks, Perry (2021). Joy is a News Value. In Journalism Studies, Vol.22, n6, 820–838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1807395.

Paul, Christopher and Matthews, Miriam (2016). The Russian “Firehose of Falsehood” Propaganda Model: Why It Might Work and Options to Counter It. RAND Corporation. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE198.html

Purbrick, Louise (1993). The Dream Machine: Charles Babbage and His Imaginary Computers. In Journal of Design History, Vol.6, n1: 9-23.

Richards, Barry and Rees, Gavin (2011). The Management of Emotion in British Journalism. In Media, Culture & Society, Vol.33, n6: 851–867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443711411005.

Rossini, Patricia; Hemsley, Jeff; Tanupabrungsun, Sikana, Zhang, Feifei, and Stromer-Galley, Jennifer (2018). Social Media, Opinion Polls, and the Use of Persuasive Messages During the 2016 US Election Primaries. Social Media + Society, Vol.4, n3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118784774

Safi, Michael; Atack, Alex and Kelly, Joshua (2024). Revealed: The Names Linked to ClothOff, the Deepfake Pornography App. In The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/29/clothoff-deepfake-ai-pornography-app-names-linked-revealed

Schudson, Michael (2001). The Objectivity Norm in American Journalism. In Journalism, Vol.2, n2: 149-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201.

Spitale, Samuel C. (2022). How to Win the War on Truth? An Illustrated Guide to How Mistruths Are Sold, Why They Stick and How to Reclaim Reality. Philadelphia: Quirk.

Spring, Marianna (2024). Trump supporters target black voters with faked AI images. In BBC Panorama and Americast. Retrieved 16 March 2024 at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68440150

Tarchi, Pietro; Lanini, Maria Chiara; Frassineti, Lorenzo; and Lanatà, Antonio (2023). Real and Deepfake Face Recognition: An EEG Study on Cognitive and Emotive Implications. Brain Sciences, Vol.13, n9: 1233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091233.

Tegmark, Max (2017). Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Toffler, Alvin (1981). The Third Wave. New York: Bantam Books.

Trusted Web Foundation (2021). Manifest. Retrieved 14 March 2024 at https://thetrustedweb.org/manifest/

Ulmer, Alexandra and Tong, Anna (2023). With Apparently Fake Photos, DeSantis Raises AI Ante. Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://www.reuters.com/world/us/is-trump-kissing-fauci-with-apparently-fake-photos-desantis-raises-ai-ante-2023-06-08/

UNESCO (2022). Freedom of Expression, Media and Information Literacy and Digital Competencies to support peace and human rights. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381532

Van Der Lans, Sebastiaan (2021). 13 AI-Powered Tools for Fighting Fake News. Trusted Web Foundation. Retrieved 10 March 2024 at https://thetrustedweb.org/ai-powered-tools-for-fighting-fake-news/

Vaswani, Ashish; Shazeer, Noam; Parmar, Niki; Uszkoreit, Jakob; Jones, Llion; Gomez, Aidan N.; Kaiser, Lukasz; and Polosukhin, Illia (2017). Attention Is All You Need. ArXiv, Retrieved 10 March 2024 at: 14.10.2024. /abs/1706.03762

Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan (2018). The Spread of True and False News Online. Science, n359, 1146-1151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559.

Articles més llegits del mateix autor/a