La esloganización del discurso fronterizo Los eslóganes políticos en torno a la pandemia de la Covid-19
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Published:
Nov 21, 2021
Keywords:
esloganización, eslogan, Covid-19, discurso fronterizo, desinformación, fake news, propaganda, comunicación política
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Abstract
This study focuses on the sloganization of the political discourse on Covid-19 and borders during the first months of the pandemic, based on qualitative content analysis (QCA). First, it reviews how borders have been managed to prevent the spread of the virus. Next, the concepts of disinformation and propaganda are briefly discussed as phenomena that have implicitly underpinned the expansion and research of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the phenomenon of sloganization is described. Finally, two cases of sloganized discourse are analyzed: «The Chinese virus» and «This virus knows no borders». The analysis shows that both cases oversimplify the complexity of pandemic management, cover up controversial decisions, and centrifuge responsibilities. The conclusions underline how the sloganization of the political discourse can be located in a border area between propaganda and disinformation, and the gestation mechanisms as well as the conceptual and formal characteristics of the slogans are systematized to approach them from the critical literacy.
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Cicres, J., & Masgrau, M. (2021). La esloganización del discurso fronterizo: Los eslóganes políticos en torno a la pandemia de la Covid-19. Culture, Language and Representation, 26, 189–207. https://doi.org/10.6035/clr.5704
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References
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Mayring, Philipp. 2004. «Qualitative Content Analysis». En: Flick, Uwe; Von Kardorff, Ernst; Steinke, Ines. A companion to Qualitative Research. London: Thousand Oaks y New Delhi: SAGE Publications: 266‒269.
——. 2014. Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt: Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173
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——. 2020b. The pandemic of nationalism and the nationalism of pandemics. UniGR-CBS Working Paper. Trier: Trier University. https://doi.org/10.25353/ubtr-xxxx-1073-4da7
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——. 2019. Situation report – 1. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 21 January 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4
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Oxford, John S.; Sefton, Armine; Jackson R.; Innes, William; Daniels, RS; Johnson, Niall P. A. S. 2002. «World War I may have allowed the emergence of ‘Spanish’ influenza». The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2, Vol. 2: 111‒114. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00185-8
Payeras, Miquel. 2020. «Quan la grip espanyola va sacsejar el país... i el món». El Temps, 1871: 36‒39.
Pérez-Dasilva, Jesús-Ángel; Meso-Ayerdi,Koldobika; Mendiguren-Galdospín, Terese. 2020. «Fake news y coronavirus: detección de los principales actores y tendencias a través del análisis de las conversaciones en Twitter». El profesional de la información, 3 Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.08
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Rodríguez-Bailón, Rosa. 2020. «Inequality viewed through the mirror of COVID-19». International Journal of Social Psychology, 3, Vol. 35: 647‒655. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1796298
Salaverría, Ramón; Buslón, Nataly; López-Pan, Fernando; León, Bienvenido; López-Goñi, Ignacio; Erviti, María-Carmen. 2020. «Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19». El profesional de la información, 3, Vol. 29, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.15
Schmenk, Barbara; Breidbach, Stephan; Küster, Lutz. 2019. «Sloganization in Language Education Discourse: Introduction». En: Schmenk, Barbara; Breidbach, Stephan; Küster, Lutz. Sloganization in Language Education Discourse. Conceptual Thinking in the Age of Academic Marketization. Bristol: Multilingual Matters: 1‒18. https://doi.org/10.21832/SCHMEN1862
Thelwall, Mike; Levitt, Jonathan M. 2020. «Retweeting Covid-19 disability issues: Risks, support and outrage». El profesional de la información, 2, Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.16
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Trilla, Antoni; Trilla, Guillem; Daer, Carolyn. 2008. «The 1918 “Spanish Flu” in Spain». Clinical Infectious Diseases, 5, Vol. 47: 668‒673. https://doi.org/10.1086/590567
Urciouli, Bonnie. 2010. «Neoliberal education. Preparing the student for the new workplace». En: Greenhouse, Carol J. Ethnographies of Neoliberalism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press: 162‒176.
Vanderslott, Samantha; Marks, Tatjana. 2020. «Health diplomacy across borders: the case of yellow fever and COVID-19». Journal of Travel Medicine, 5, Vol. 27: 1‒3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa112
Vázquez Medel, Manuel-Ángel. 2004. «Los efectos de la propaganda: una aproximación desde la Teoría del Emplazamiento». En: Huici, Adrián; Pineda, Antonio. Propaganda y Comunicación. Una Aproximación plural: 13‒30. Sevilla: Comunicación Social.
Viala-Gaudefroy, Jérôme; Lindaman, Dana. 2020. «Donald Trump: les maux et les mots du virus». The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/donald-trump-les-maux-et-les-mots-du-virus-136530
Vraga, Emily K.; Tully, Melissa. 2019. «News literacy, social media behaviors, and skepticism toward information on social media». Information, Communication & Society : 1‒17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637445
Casero-Ripollés, Andreu. 2020. «Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak». El profesional de la información, 2, Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
Chaudhry, Rabail; Dranitsaris, George; Mubashir, Talha; Bartoszko, Justyna; Riazi, Sheila. 2020. A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes». EclinicalMedicine, 25, 1‒8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100464
Chomsky, Noam 2005. «La propaganda». Chasqui: Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación, 90: 3. https://doi.org/10.16921/chasqui.v0i90.233
Crouch, Colin. 2011. The Strange Non-Death of Neoliberalism. Cambridge y Malden, MA: Polity.
——. 2013. Making Capitalism Fit for Society. Cambridge y Malden, MA: Polity.
Denton, Robert E. 1980. «The rhetorical functions of slogans: Classifications and characteristics». Communication Quarterly, 2, Vol. 28: 10‒18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463378009369362
Drylie-Carey, Lindsey; Sánchez-Castillo, Sebastián; Galán-Cubillo, Esteban 2020. «European leaders unmasked: Covid-19 communication strategy through Twitter». El profesional de la información, 5, Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.04
Elías, Carlos; Catalán-Matamoros, Daniel. 2020. «Coronavirus in Spain: Fear of ‘Official’ Fake News Boosts WhatsApp and Alternative Sources». Media and Communication, 2, Vol. 8: 462‒466. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.3217
European Commission. 2020. Communication from the Commission. Covid-19: temporary restriction on non-essential travel to the EU. Bruselas. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2020:115:FIN
Fairclough, Norman. 1993. «Critical discourse analysis and the marketization of public discourse: The universities». Discourse & Society, 2, Vol. 4: 133‒168.
Freelon, Deen; Wells, Chris. 2020. «Disinformation as Political Communication». Political Communication, n. 2, Vo. 37: 145‒156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
García-Marín, David. 2020. «Infodemia global. Desórdenes informativos, narrativas fake y fact-checking en la crisis de la Covid-19». El profesional de la información, 4. Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.11
Gramling, David. 2019. «We innovators». En: Schmenk, Barbara; Breidbach, Stephan; Küster, Lutz. Sloganization in Language Education Discourse. Conceptual Thinking in the Age of Academic Marketization. Bristol: Multilingual Matters: 19‒41. https://doi.org/10.21832/SCHMEN1862
Hays, Jo N. 2005. Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. Santa Barbara, Denver y Oxford: ABC-CLIO.
Holborow, Marnie. 2015. Language and Neoliberalism. London y New York: Routledge.
Huang, Peter H. 2020. «COVID-19, Anti-Asian Racism, and Anti-Asian American Racism». Asian American Law Journal, 28 (en prensa). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3664356
Jakovljevic, Miro; Bjedov, Sarah; Jaksic, Nenad; Jakovljevic, Ivan. 2020. «Covid-19 pandemia and public and globalmental health from the perspective of global health security». Psychiatria Danubina, 1, Vol. 32: 6‒14. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.6
Kilbourne, Edwin D. 2006. «Influenza pandemics of the 20th century». Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1, Vol. 12: 9‒14. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1201.051254
Koerber, Amy. 2021. «Is it fake news or is it open science? Science Communication in the COVID-19 Pandemic». Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 1, Vol. 35: 22‒27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1050651920958506
Kolata, Gina. 1999. Flu: the story of the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Masip, Pere; Aran-Ramspott, Sue; Ruiz-Caballero, Carlos; Suau, Jaume; Almenar, Ester; Puertas-Graell, David. 2020. «Consumo informativo y cobertura mediática durante el confinamiento por el Covid-19: sobreinformación, sesgo ideológico y sensacionalismo». El profesional de la información, 3, Vol. 29, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.12
Mateus, Ana L. P.; Otete, Harmony E; Beck, Charles R; Dolan, Gayle P; Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S. 2014. «Effectiveness of travel restrictions in the rapid containment of human influenza: a systematic review». Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 12, Vol. 92: 868‒880D. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.135590
Mayring, Philipp. 2004. «Qualitative Content Analysis». En: Flick, Uwe; Von Kardorff, Ernst; Steinke, Ines. A companion to Qualitative Research. London: Thousand Oaks y New Delhi: SAGE Publications: 266‒269.
——. 2014. Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt: Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173
Nawaz, Shahid; Yun, Jiang; Nawaz, Muhammad Zahid; Aalam, Faizan. 2020. «Is COVID-19 Generating Pandemic Animosity among Nations and Consumers? A Theoretical Overview». RMC Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 1. Vol. 1: 44‒50. https://doi.org/10.46256/rmcjsochum.v1i1.83
Nicola, Maria; Alsafi, Zaid; Sohrabi, Catrin; Kerwan, Ahmed; Al-Jabir, Ahmed; Iosifidis, Christos; Agha, Maliha; Agha, Riaz. 2020. «The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review». International Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78: 185‒193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
Nossem, Eva. 2020a. «Linguistic rebordering: Constructing COVID-19 as an external threat». En: Wille, Christian; Kanesu, Rebecca. Bordering in pandemic times. Insights into the COVID-19 Lockdown. Luxemburg y Trier: University of Luxemburg y Trier University: 77‒80. https://doi.org/10.25353/ubtr-xxxx-b825-a20b
——. 2020b. The pandemic of nationalism and the nationalism of pandemics. UniGR-CBS Working Paper. Trier: Trier University. https://doi.org/10.25353/ubtr-xxxx-1073-4da7
Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2015. World Health Organization Best Practices for the Naming of New Human Infectious Diseases (WHO/HSE/FOS/15.1). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HSE-FOS-15.1
——. 2019. Situation report – 1. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 21 January 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4
——. 2021. COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. 12 January 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---12-january-2021
Oxford, John S.; Sefton, Armine; Jackson R.; Innes, William; Daniels, RS; Johnson, Niall P. A. S. 2002. «World War I may have allowed the emergence of ‘Spanish’ influenza». The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2, Vol. 2: 111‒114. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00185-8
Payeras, Miquel. 2020. «Quan la grip espanyola va sacsejar el país... i el món». El Temps, 1871: 36‒39.
Pérez-Dasilva, Jesús-Ángel; Meso-Ayerdi,Koldobika; Mendiguren-Galdospín, Terese. 2020. «Fake news y coronavirus: detección de los principales actores y tendencias a través del análisis de las conversaciones en Twitter». El profesional de la información, 3 Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.08
Pou, Rebecca. 2013. Syphilis, or the French Disease. Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health. https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2013/04/19/syphilis-or-the-french-disease/
Reid, Ann H.; Taubenberger, Jeffery K.; Fanning, Thomas G. 2001. «The 1918 Spanish influenza: integrating history and biology». Microbes and infection, 1, Vol. 3: 81‒87. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01351-4
Rodrigo, Luis; Rodrigo, Isabel; Núñez, Patricia. 2018. «Propaganda y educación. Estudio de la propaganda en la historia educativa española (1900-1975)». Etic@net. Revista científica electrónica de educación y comunicación en la sociedad del conocimiento, 1, Vol. 18: 133‒172.
Rodríguez-Bailón, Rosa. 2020. «Inequality viewed through the mirror of COVID-19». International Journal of Social Psychology, 3, Vol. 35: 647‒655. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1796298
Salaverría, Ramón; Buslón, Nataly; López-Pan, Fernando; León, Bienvenido; López-Goñi, Ignacio; Erviti, María-Carmen. 2020. «Desinformación en tiempos de pandemia: tipología de los bulos sobre la Covid-19». El profesional de la información, 3, Vol. 29, https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.15
Schmenk, Barbara; Breidbach, Stephan; Küster, Lutz. 2019. «Sloganization in Language Education Discourse: Introduction». En: Schmenk, Barbara; Breidbach, Stephan; Küster, Lutz. Sloganization in Language Education Discourse. Conceptual Thinking in the Age of Academic Marketization. Bristol: Multilingual Matters: 1‒18. https://doi.org/10.21832/SCHMEN1862
Thelwall, Mike; Levitt, Jonathan M. 2020. «Retweeting Covid-19 disability issues: Risks, support and outrage». El profesional de la información, 2, Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.16
The White House 2020. Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus, (2020). Washington, DC. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-suspension-entry-immigrants-nonimmigrants-persons-pose-risk-transmitting-2019-novel-coronavirus/
Trilla, Antoni; Trilla, Guillem; Daer, Carolyn. 2008. «The 1918 “Spanish Flu” in Spain». Clinical Infectious Diseases, 5, Vol. 47: 668‒673. https://doi.org/10.1086/590567
Urciouli, Bonnie. 2010. «Neoliberal education. Preparing the student for the new workplace». En: Greenhouse, Carol J. Ethnographies of Neoliberalism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press: 162‒176.
Vanderslott, Samantha; Marks, Tatjana. 2020. «Health diplomacy across borders: the case of yellow fever and COVID-19». Journal of Travel Medicine, 5, Vol. 27: 1‒3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa112
Vázquez Medel, Manuel-Ángel. 2004. «Los efectos de la propaganda: una aproximación desde la Teoría del Emplazamiento». En: Huici, Adrián; Pineda, Antonio. Propaganda y Comunicación. Una Aproximación plural: 13‒30. Sevilla: Comunicación Social.
Viala-Gaudefroy, Jérôme; Lindaman, Dana. 2020. «Donald Trump: les maux et les mots du virus». The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/donald-trump-les-maux-et-les-mots-du-virus-136530
Vraga, Emily K.; Tully, Melissa. 2019. «News literacy, social media behaviors, and skepticism toward information on social media». Information, Communication & Society : 1‒17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637445