Political speech against democracy Trump's populism, bias and fallacy after the US elections (3-N)
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Published:
Nov 21, 2021
Keywords:
Democracy, Trump, Twitter, Populism, Rhetoric, Desinformation, Bias, Conspiracy, Fraud, Voters
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Abstract
The Capitol riot and the impeachment process against Donald Trump, after the US elections (3-N), reopen the debate of the Rhetoric power in political discourse. A leader not subject to rules imposes the language of disinformation and populism as the axis of the story. Twitter becomes a tool for the delegitimization of institutions, through a message that harangues the masses to mobilize. The main objective of the study is to learn about Trump's themes and his discursive strategies on Twitter, aimed to denouncing the conspiracy and fraud of the electoral results. We applied a triangulated content analysis methodology based on the use of keywords (15,365) on a general sample of tweets (721) published by the president from the day after the elections until the proclamation of Joe Biden as president-elect of the United States. The advancement of results highlights the influence of the leader, ahead of governments and parties, the power of a simple and subliminal language, the personal bias of winner or victim and an unprecedented capacity to produce fallacies on Twitter. The effects of Trump's lie on the social audience require joint actions by institutions, the media and social platforms that guarantee the future of democracy.
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Pérez Curiel, C., & Domínguez García, R. (2021). Political speech against democracy: Trump’s populism, bias and fallacy after the US elections (3-N). Culture, Language and Representation, 26, 7–28. https://doi.org/10.6035/clr.5807
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Berger, Arthur. A. (2017). Marketing and american consumer culture. Nueva York: Springer
Bernicot, Josie, Goumi, A., Bert-Erboul, A. y Volckaert-Legrier, O. 2014: «How do skilled and less-skilled spellers write text messages? A longitudinal study», Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 30: 559-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12064
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Block, Elena, y Negrine, Ralph. 2017. «The Populist Communication Style: Toward a critical framework». International Journal of Communication, 11: 178-197. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5820/1892
Bracciale, Roberta, y Martella, Antonio. 2017. «Define the populist political communication style: The case of Italian political leaders on Twitter». Information, Communication & Society, 20: 1310-1329. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2017.1328522
Campos-Domínguez, Eva.2017. «Twitter y la comunicación política». El Profesional de la Información, 26 (5): 785-785. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.sep.01
Cartwright, Eduard, Anna Stepanova, and Lian Xue. 2019. «Impulse balance and framing effects in threshold public good games». Journal of Public Economic Theory 21 (5): 903–22.
Casero-Ripollés, Andreu, Sintes-Olivella, MarÇal. y Franch, Pere. (2017). «The populist political communication style in action: Podemos’s issues and functions on Twitter during the 2016 Spanish general election». American behavioral scientist, 61 (9): 986-1001. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002764217707624
Comisión Europea. (2018): «La lucha contra la desinformación en línea: un enfoque europeo». COM, 236: 1-20. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/ PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0236&from=en
De la Torre, Carlos. (2017). «Los populismos refundadores. Promesas democratiza¬doras, prácticas autoritarias», Nueva Sociedad, 267: 129-141.
De la Torre, Carlos. 2018. «Leyendo a Donald Trump desde América Latina», Revista SAAP: Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Político, 12 (1): 179-194.
Duque, Eladio. 2014. « Análisis de contenido mediante análisis de palabras clave: La representación de los participantes en los discursos de Esperanza Aguirre». Mediaciones Sociales, 13: 39-73. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_MESO.2014.n13.49432
Enli, Gunn. 2017. «New media and politics». Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(3-4): 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1392251
EUvsDisinfo. (2018). Understanding the threat and stepping up European response. https://www.dsn.gob.es/es/actualidad/sala-prensa/uni%C3%B3n-europea-plan-lucha-contra-desinformaci%C3%B3n
Flowerdew, John, y Richardson, John E. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies. London: Routledge.
Fuchs, Christian. 2021. «How Did Donald Trump Incite a Coup Attempt?». tripleC, 19 (1): 246-251.
Fuentes Rodríguez, Catalina. 2020. Estrategias argumentativas y discurso político. Madrid: Arco Libros.
Gallardo-Paúls, B. 2018. Tiempo de hipérboles. Inestabilidad e interferencias en el discurso político. Tirant Humanidades.
Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2018. «Social media and populism: An elective affinity?». Media, Culture & Society, 40(5): 745-753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772192
Hawkins, Kirk A. 2016. «Populism and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election in compa-rative perspective». Comparative Politics Newsletter, 26 (2): 91-97.
Jungherr, Andreas. 2016. «Twitter use in election campaigns: a systematic literature review». Journal of information technology & politics, 13 (1): 72-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2015.1132401
Kazin, Michael. 2016. Trump and American Populism. Old Whine, New Bottles, Foreign affairs. Disponible en: https://fam.ag/2wNaFbz
Krauze, Enrique. 2017. «Arqueología del populismo». En Ángel Rivero (coord.), Geografía del populismo. Un viaje por el universo del populismo desde sus orígenes hasta Trump. Madrid: Tecnos.
Krippendorff, Klaus. 2012. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 3.ª edición. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Levitsky, Steven y Ziblatt, Daniel. 2018. How democracies die. New York: Broadway Books. London: Vikings Press.
López Meri, Amparo. 2016. «Twitter-retórica para captar votos en campaña electoral. El caso de las elecciones de Cataluña de 2015». Comunicación y Hombre, 12: 97-118.
Mammone, Andrea. 2009. «The eternal return? Faux populism and contemporarization of neofascism across Britain, France and Italy«. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 17(2): 171-192. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/14782800903108635
Mancera Rueda, Ana y Pano Alamán, Ana. 2014. «Las redes sociales como corpus de estudio para el análisis del discurso mediado por ordenador», Janus: estudios sobre el siglo de oro (Anexo 1: Humanidades Digitales: desafíos, logros y perspectivas de futuro): 305-315. http://hdl.handle.net/11441/60827
Mena, Tomás (2018). «Donald J. Trump: A critical discourse análisis». Estudios Institucionales, 5 (8): 47-73. https://doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.5.n.8.2018.21778
Merril, John C., Lee, John. y Friedlander, Edwad Jay. 1992. Medios de Comunicación social. Teoría y práctica en Estados Unidos y el Mundo. Madrid: Fundación Germán Sánchez Ruipérez.
Milner, Ryan M. y Phillips, Whitney. 2016. ´The memes that made Donald Trump’s victory». En D. Lilleker, D. Jackson, E. Thorsen y A. Veneti (eds.), US election analysis 2016: Media, voters and the campaign. Poole: Centre for the Study of Journalism.
Mudde, Cas. 2016. «Europe’s populist surge: A long time in the making». Foreign affairs, 95: 25– 30.
Naderi, Nona y Hirst, Graeme. 2018. «Automated fact-checking of claims in argumentative parliamentary debates». En Proceedings of the First Workshop on Fact Extraction and VERification (FEVER). http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-5509
Nigro, Patricia M. 2018. «Causas de la pérdida de la confianza en la prensa y estrategias para su restablecimiento en un contexto de incertidumbre». Hipertext.Net, 17: 54-63.
Nocetti, Oscar. 1990. Falacias y Medios de Comunicación. El discurso como arma. Buenos Aires: Editorial Humanitas.
Ott, Brian L. (2017). «The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement». Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1): 59-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686
Pérez-Curiel, Concha y Limón Naharro, Pilar. 2019. «Influencers de la Política. Estudio de la marca personal de Donald Trump en Twitter y efectos en medios y
usuarios». Communication & Society, 32(1): 57- 76. https://hdl.handle.net/11441/87482
Pérez Curiel, Concha. 2020. «Trend towards extreme right-wing populism on Twitter. An analysis of the influence on leaders, media and users». Communication & Society, 33 (2): 175-192. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.175-192
Plantic, D., Ratkic, H. y Suput, B. 2017. «Comparative analysis of marketing communication strategy on social networks: case study of presidential candidates Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton». En Proceedings 20th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development. Praga.
Powers, Shan y Kounalakis, Markos (eds.). 2017. Can Public Democracy Survive the Internet? Bots, Echo Chambers, and Disinformation. U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (Department of State).
Redondo, Myriam. 2018. «Desinformación: pulsa aquí y te sorprenderá». Cuadernos de Periodistas, 36: 40-56. http://www.cuadernosdeperiodistas.com/desinformacion-pulsa-aqui-y-te-sorprendera/
Riva, Giuseppe (2018). Fake News. Bolonia: Il Mulino.
Rivas-de-Roca, Rubén, García-Gordillo, Mar y Bezunartea-Valencia, Ofa. 2020. «The far-right's influence on Twitter during the 2018 Andalusian elections: an approach through political leaders». Communication & Society, 33(2): 227-242. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.227-242
Rivero, Ángel. 2017. «Populismo: ¿cómo destruir la democracia en nombre de la democracia?». En Ángel Rivero (coord.), Geografía del populismo. Un viaje por el universo del populismo desde sus orígenes hasta Trump. Madrid: Tecnos.
Rodríguez-Andrés, Roberto. 2018. «Trump 2016: ¿presidente gracias a las redes sociales?». Palabra Clave, 21(3): 831-859. DOI: 10.5294/pacla.2018.21.3.8
Rodríguez-Díaz, Karines y Haber-Guerra, Yamile. 2020. «Análisis de sentimientos en Twitter aplicado al #impeachment de Donald Trump». Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación/Mediterranean Journal of Communication, 11(2): 199-213.
https://www.doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2020.11.2.23
Roth, Yoel. 2018. «Automation and the use of multiple accounts». Twitter. Developer blog, February 21st. https://blog.twitter.com/developer/en_us/topics/tips/2018/automation-and-the-use-of-multiple-accounts.html
Sanchez-Saus Laserna, Marta. 2018. « Análisis de palabras clave en la comunicación para el desarrollo y el cambio social: el caso de #comunicambio en Twitter». Cultura, Lenguaje y Representación, 19: 119:139. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/clr.2018.19.7
Silverman, David. 2016. Qualitative Research. London: SAGE.
Stromer-Galley, Jennifer. 2014. Presidential campaigning in the internet age. Oxford University Press.
Van Dijk, Teun. 2015. «Critical discourse studies. A sociocognitive Approach». Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, 3(1): 63-74. http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Critical%20Discourse%20Studies.pdf
Van-Kessel, Stijn y Castelein, Remco. 2016. «Shifting the blame. Populist politicians’ use of Twitter as a tool of opposition». Journal of Contemporary European Research, 12(2): 594-614. https://bit.ly/2ZLU18n
Vosoughi, Soroush Roy, Deb Aral, S. 2018. «The spread of true and false news online». Science, 359 (6380): 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
Waisbord, Silvio. 2018. «Truth is what happens to news: On journalism, fake news, and post-truth». Journalism studies, 19 (13): 1866-1878.
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