Gender in translating lesbianism in The Second Sex
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Drawing on three Chinese translations of the lesbian chapter in Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, this paper examines at the micro level how the discussions on lesbianism in the work are translated and what role gender identity plays in the process of translation. Lesbianism has played an important part in feminism. However, homosexuality is still regarded as unacceptable to most Chinese people. Thus, an examination of translations of lesbianism in The Second Sex might be especially revealing in terms of representation of Western feminism. The comparison reveals that there are obvious differences between the translations by the female translators and the male translators. The differences mainly lie in translation strategies, understanding of lesbianism, and attitudes towards lesbianism. In these differences, gender plays a key role.
En s’appuyant sur trois traductions chinoises du chapitre “lesbienne” dans Le Deuxième Sexe de Simone de Beauvoir, le présent article examine au niveau microscopique comment les débats sur le lesbianisme dans l’oeuvre sont traduits et comment l’identité du genre influence le processus de la traduction. Lesbianisme a joué un rôle important dans le féminisme. Toutefois, l’homosexualité est toujours considérée comme inacceptable pour la plupart des Chinois. Ainsi, un examen des traductions du lesbianisme dans Le Deuxième Sexe pourrait être particulièrement révélateur en termes de représentation du féminisme occidental. La comparaison révèle qu’il existe des différences évidentes entre les traductions par des femmes et par des hommes. Les différences se situent principalement dans les stratégies de traduction, la compréhension du lesbianisme et les attitudes envers le lesbianisme. Dans ces différences, le genre joue un rôle majeur.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
La propiedad intelectual de los artículos pertenece a los autores y los derechos de edición y publicación, a la revista. Los artículos publicados en la revista podrán ser usados libremente para propósitos educativos y científicos, siempre y cuando se realice una correcta citación del mismo. Cualquier uso comercial queda expresamente penado por la ley.
Citas
Agorni, Mirella. (2005) “A Marginal(ized) Perspectives on Translation History: Women and Translation in the Eighteenth Century”. Meta L:3. pp. 817-830.
Altman, Meryl. (2007) “Simone de Beauvoir and Lesbian Lived Experience”. Feminist Studies 33:1. pp. 207-232.
Andone, Oana-Helena. (2002) “Gender Issues in Translation”. In: Dollerup, Cay & Wang Ning (eds.) 2004. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology (2nd volume). pp. 130-145.
Arrojo, Rosemary. (1994) “Fidelity and the Gendered Translation”. TTR 7:2. pp. 147–63.
Arrojo, Rosemary. (1995) “Feminist ‘Orgasmic’ Theories of Translation and their Contradictions”. TradTerm 2. pp. 67–75.
Bassnett, Susan. (1992) “Writing in No Man’s Land: Questions of Gender and Translation”. Ilha do Desterro 28, 2 º semestre 1992. pp. 63-73.
Baumgarten, Nicole. (2005) “On the Women’s Service?: Gender-conscious Languages in Dubbed James Bond Movies”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005.
Gender, Sex and Translation: The Manipulation of Identities. Manchester, UK & Northampton, USA: St. Jerome Publishing. pp. 53-70.
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1975) Force of Circumstance. Translated by Richard Howard. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Beauvoir, Simone de. (1993) The Second Sex. Translated and edited by H.M. Parshley. New York: Knopf.
Bird, Phyllis A. (1988) “Translating Sexist Language as a Theoretical and Cultural Problem”. Union Seminary Quarterly Review 42:1-2. pp. 89-95.
Butler, Judith. (1999) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York & London: Routledge.
Chamberlain, Lori. (1988) “Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation”. Signs 13:3. pp. 445-472.
Chen, Huan. (2004) “Zhengben qingyuan nvxing shengjing” [Tracing the women’s bible back to its origin]. Zhonghua dushubao, August 4th 2004. http:// www.gmw.cn/01ds/2004-08/04/ content_71928.htm. (Accessed on 16 May 2009.)
Chen, Lin. (2004) “Jin shinian jianada fanyi lilun yanjiu pingjie” [Canadian Translation Theory and Research in the Recent Ten Years]. Chinese Translators Journal 25:2. pp. 68-71.
Cixous, Hélène. (1975) “The Laugh of the Medusa”. In: Marks, Elaine & Isabelle de Courtivron (eds.) 1980. New French Feminisms. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts. pp. 245-264.
Crisafulli, Edoardo. (2001) “Dante’s ‘Shameless Whore’: Sexual Imagery in Anglo-American Translations of the Comedy”. TTR 14: 1. pp. 11-38.
Dai, Jinhua. (2007) “Suiye liu heng” [Time leaves trances]. Shu wu [Book Room] 10. pp. 36-41.
Diaz-Diocaretz, Myriam. (1985) Translating Poetic Discourse: Questions on Feminist Strategies in Adrienne Rich. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Fuchs, Jo-Ann P. (1980) “Female Eroticism in The Second Sex”. Feminist Studies 6:2. pp. 304-313.
Gao, Juefu. (trans) (1984/2004) Jingshen fenxi yinglun [Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis], Sigmund Freud. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Ge, Chuangui, Lu Gusun; Xue Shiqi et al. (eds.) (2000/2002) Xin Yinghan cidian (shiji ban)[A New English-Chinese Dictionary (Century Edition)]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House.
Godard, Barbara. (1990) “Theorizing Feminist Theory/ Translation”. In: Bassnett, Susan & André Lefevere (eds) 1990. Translation: History and Culture. London: Frances Pinter. pp. 87-96.
Guldin, Rainer. (2007) “‘I believe that my two tongues love each other cela ne m’étonnerait pas’: Self-Translation and the Construction of Sexual Identity”. TTR 20:1. pp. 193-214.
Fallaize, Elizabeth. (2002) “Le Destin de la Femme au Foyer: Traduire La Femme Mariée de Simone de Beauvoir”. In: Delphy, Christine; Sylvie Chaperon; Kate
Fullbrook & Edward Fullbrook (eds.) 2002. Cinquantenaire du Deuxieme Sexe. Paris: Syllepse.
Flotow, Luise von. (1991) “Feminist Translation: Contexts, Practices, Theories”. TTR 4:2. pp. 69-84.
Flotow, Luise von. (1994) “Québec’s ‘Écriture au féminin’ and Translation Politicized”. In: Eguíluz, F. ; R. Merino et al. (eds.) 1994. Transvases Culturales: Literatura, Cine, Traducción. Vitoria, Spain: Facultad de Filologia, Universidad del País Vasco. pp. 219-229.
Flotow, Luise von. (1995a) “Appendix: Beginnings of a European Project: Feminism and Translation Studies”. TTR 8:1. pp. 271-277.
Flotow, Luise von. (1995b) “Translating Women of the Eighties: Eroticism, Anger, Ethnicity”. In: Simon, Sherry (ed.) 1995. Culture in Transit: Translating the Literature of Quebec. Montreal: Véhicule Press. pp. 31-46.
Flotow, Luise von. (1996a) “Weiblichkeit, Zweisprachigkeit und Übersetzung: Kanada”. In: Strutz, John & Peter Zima (eds.) 1996. Literarische Polyphonie. Tübingen: Günter Narr. pp. 123-136.
Flotow, Luise von. (1996b) “Legacies of écriture an féminine: Bilingual Transformances, Translation Politicized, Subaltern Versions of the Text of the Street”. Journal of Canadian Studies. Spring Issue. pp. 89-109.
Flotow, Luise von. (1997a) Translation and Gender: Translating in the ‘Era of Feminism’. Manchester: St Jerome.
Flotow, Luise von. (1997b) “Mutual Pun-ishment? The Translation of Feminist Wordplay: Mary Daly’s Gyn/Ecology in German”. In: Delabastita, Dirk (ed.) 1997. Traductio: Essays on Punning and Translation. Manchester: St. Jerome & Namur: Presses Universitaires de Namur.
Flotow, Luise von. (1998) “Dis-Unity and Diversity: Feminist Approaches to Translation Studies”. In: Bowker, L. et al. (eds.) 1998. Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome. pp. 3-13.
Flotow, Luise von. (2000) “Translation Effects: How Beauvoir Talks About Sex in English”. In: Hawthorne, Melanie (ed.) 2000. Contingent Loves. Simone de Beauvoir and Sexuality. Richmond, VA: Virginia University Press. pp. 13–33.
Flotow, Luise von. (2002) “Gender in Translation: The Issues Go on”. http:// orees.concordia.ca/numero2/essai/Von%20Flotow.html. (Accessed on 10 October 2007.)
Flotow, Luise von. (2005) “Tracing the Context of Translation: The Example of Gender”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. pp. 39-51.
Flotow, Luise von. (2006) “Feminism in Translation: the Canadian Factor”. Quaderns. Revista de traducció 13. pp. 11-20.
Flotow, Luise von. (2009) “Gender and Sexuality”. In: Baker, Mona & Gabriela Saldanha (eds.) 2009. Routlege Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition). London: Routledge. pp. 122-126.
Freiwald, Bina. (1991) “The Problem of Trans-lation: Reading French Feminisms”. TTR 4:2. pp. 55-68.
Hamerlain, Souad. (2005) “Translation as a Transmitter of Feminist Ideology”. Annales du Patrimoine 3. pp. 55-58.
Han, Jiaming. (1996) “‘Fanyi yanjiu’ xuepai de fazhan” [The Development of ‘Translation Studies’ School]. Chinese Translators Journal 5. pp. 48-50.
Hartman, Kabi. (1999) “Ideology, Identification and the Construction of the Feminine: Le Journal de Marie Bashkirtseff”. The Translator 5:1. pp. 61-82.
Harvey, Keith. (1998) “Translating Camp Talk: Gay Identities and Cultural Transfer”. The Translator 4:2. pp. 295-320.
Harvey, Keith. (2000) “Gay Community, Gay Identity and the Translated Text”. TTR 13:1. pp. 137-165.
Harvey, Keith. (2003) Intercultural Movements: “American Gay” in French Translation. Manchester: St Jerome.
Hawthorne, Melanie C. (2000) “Introduction”. In: Hawthorne, Melanie C. (ed.) Contingent Loves. Simone de Beauvoir and Sexuality. Richmond, VA: Virginia University Press. pp. 1–12.
Hellerstein, Kathryn. (2000) “Translating as a Feminist: Reconceiving Anna Margolin”. Prooftexts: A journal of Jewish Literary History 20. pp. 191-207.
Henitiuk, Valerie. (1999) “Translating Woman: Reading the Female Through the Male”. Meta XLIV:3. pp. 369-484.
Huang, Hong. (2009) ‘Ximengna•de•Bofuwa bainian: chongcin faxian haili— “Bofuwa jiqi dangdai yiyi” guoji xueshu yantaohui zongshu [Simone de Beauvoir Centennial: Rediscovering Beaver—“Beauvoir and her contemporary significance”]’. Contemporary Foreign Literature 1. pp. 175-176.
Huang, Lin. (2006) “Zuowei nvxing zhuyi fuhao de linglei changing” [A special side of feminist symbols]. China Book Review 5. pp. 78-84.
Huang, Lin. (2009) “Di er xing 60 nian ji nvxing zhuyi zai zhongguo” [The Second Sex for sixty years and feminism in China ]. http://blog.sina.com.cn/ huanglinblog. (Accessed on 26 April 2010.)
Jiang, Xiaohua. (2004) “Nvxing zhuyi dui fanyi lilun de yingxiang” [Influence of Feminism upon Translation theory]. Chinese Translators Journal 25:4. pp. 10-15.
Keenaghan, Eric. (1998) “Jack Spicer’s Pricks and Cocksuckers: Translating Homosexuality into Visibility”. The Translator 4:2. pp. 273–94.
Kinloch, David. (2007) “Lilies or Skelfs: Translating Queer Melodrama”. The Translator 13:1. pp. 83–103.
Kong Huiyi. (1998) “Wanqing fanyi xiaoshuo zhong de funv xingxiang” [Women’s Image in Translated Novels in Late Qing Dynasty]. Comparative Literature in China 2. pp. 71-87.
Krontiris, Tina. (1992) Oppositional Voices: Women as Writers and Translators of Literature in the English Renaissance. London: Routledge.
Larkosh, Christopher. (1996) The Limits of the Translatable Foreign: Fictions of Translation, Migration and Sexuality in 20th Century Argentine Literature. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California Berkeley.
Larkosh, Christopher. (2007) “The Translator’s Closet: Editing Sexualities in Argentine Literary Culture”. TTR 20:2. pp. 63-88.
Li, Qiang. (abridged trans) (2004) Di er xing [The Second Sex]. Beijing: Xiyuan chubanshe.
Liao, Qiyi. (1998) “Kuaxueke zonghe wenhua huigui duoyun hubu—dangdai xifang fanyi lilun zouxiang shiping” [Dimensions of Contemporary of Western Feminist Translation Theory]. Journal of Foreign Languages 5. pp. 26-33.
Linder, Daniel. (2004) “The Censorship of Sex: A Study of Raymond Chandler’s The Big Sleep in Franco’s Spain”. TTR 17:1. pp. 155–182.
Lin, Shuming. (1999) “Nvxing zhuyi wenxue piping zai dalu de chuanbo” [The spread of feminist literary criticism in China]. Social Science Research 2. pp. 127-132.
Liu, Junping. (2004) “Nvxing zhuyi fanyi lilun yanjiu de zhongzi huayu” [Towards an East-West Discourse on Feminist Translation Studies]. Chinese Translators Journal 25:4. pp. 3-9.
Liu, Kunya. (2009) “Bofuwa di’er xing chuban 60 zhounian: ta bu zai Sate houmian” [The 60th anniversary of the publication of The Second Sex: She is not behind Sartre]. Shenzhen wanbao, April 14th 2009. http://book.sina.com.cn/news/v/2009-04-14 /1139253998.shtml. (Accessed on 16 May 2009.)
Lotbinière-Harwood, Susanne de. (1991) Rebelle et infidèle. La traduction comme pratique de réécriture au féminin/The Body Bilingual. Translation as a Rewriting in the Feminine. Québec: Les éditions du remueménage/The Women’s Press.
Lu, Gusun. (chief ed.) (1989/2003) Yinghan da cidian (shang juan)[The EnglishChinese Dictionary (unabridged) (Volume 1)]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House.
Luo, Ting & Wang Fang. (2004) “Bofuwa zai zhongguo de jieshou yu yingxiang” [The Reception and Influence of Simone de Beauvoir in China]. Contemporary Foreign Literature 4. pp. 123-129.
Maier, Carol. (1998) “Issues in the Practice of Translating Women’s Fiction”. BHS LXXV. pp. 95-108.
Maier, Carol & Françoise Massardier-Kenney. (1996) “Gender in/and Literary Translation”. In: Gaddis Rose, Marilyn (ed.) 1996. Translation Perspectives IX: a Collection of Essays Situating and Proposing New Directions and Major Issues in Translation Studies, Translation Horizons Beyond the Boundaries of Translation Spectrum. Binghampton: State University of New York at Binghampton, Center for Research in Translation. pp. 225-242.
Martín, M. Rosario. (2005) “Gender(ing) Theory: rethinking the Targets of Translation Studies in Parallel with Recent Developments in Feminism”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. pp. 27-37.
Massardier-Kenney, Françoise. (1997) “Towards a Redefinition of Feminist Translation Practice”. The Translator 3:1. pp. 55-69.
Moi, Toril. (2002) “While we wait: The English Translation of The Second Sex”. Signs 27:4. pp. 1005-1035.
Mu, Lei. (1999) “Xinxian—nv fanyijia Jin Shenghua jiaoshou fangtanlu” [An Interview with female translator and professor Jin Shenghua]. Chinese Translators Journal 2. pp. 36-38.
Mu, Lei. (2002) “Fanyi yu nvxing wenxue: Zhu Hong jiaoshou fangtan lu” [Translation Circles: A Male Cirlces? –An Interview with Hong Kang Female Translator Dr. Kong Huiyi]. Journal of Xi’an Foreign Languages University 10:2. pp.101-119.
Mu, Lei. (2003) “Fanyi yu nvxing wenxue: Zhu Hong jiaoshou fangtan lu” [Translation and Women’s Literature: An Interview with Professor Zhu Hong]. Foreign Languages and Literature 20:1. pp. 41-44.
Mu, Lei et al. (2008) Fanyi yanjiu zhong de xingbie shijiao [Gender Perspective in Translation Studies]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press.
Porter, Catherine. (1987) “Translating French Feminism: Luce Irigaray’s Ce Sexe qui n’en est pas un”. In: Gaddis Rose, Marilyn (ed.) 1987. Translation perspectives III, Selected papers, 1985-86. New York: State University of New York, Binghamton. pp. 40-52.
Ríos, Carmen & Manuela Palacios. (2005) “Translation, Nationalism and Gender Bias”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. pp. 71-80.
Robinson, Douglas. (1995) “Theorizing Translation in a Woman’s Voice: Subverting the Rhetoric of Patronage, Courtly Love and Morality”. The Translator 1:2. pp. 153-175.
Sang, Zhuying & Nan Shan. (trans) (1986) Di er xing—nvren [The Second Sex—Women]. Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe.
Santaemilia, José. (2005a) “Researching the Language of Sex: Gender, Discourse and (Im)Politeness”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. The Language of Sex: Saying & Not Saying. Valencia: Universitat de València. pp. 3-22.
Santaemilia, José. (2005b) “The Translation of Sex, The Sex of Translation: Fanny Hill in Spanish”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. pp. 117-136.
Santaemilia, José. (ed.) (2005c) Gender, Sex and Translation: The Manipulation of Identities. Manchester, St. Jerome.
Santaemilia, José. (2006) “Researching Sexual Language: Gender, (Im)Politeness and Discursive Construction”. In: Bou, P. (ed.) 2006. Ways into Discourse. Granada: Editorial Comares. pp. 93-115.
Santaemilia, José. (2008a) “Gender, Sex, and Language in Valencia: Attitudes toward Sex-Related Language among Spanish and Catalan Speakers”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 190. pp. 5-26.
Santaemilia, José. (2008b) “The Translation of Sex-Related Language: The Danger(s) of Self-Censorship(s)”. TTR 21: 2. pp. 221-252.
Shen, Ke. (2009) “Chongxin renshi Bofuwa—Bofuwa yanjiu xin jinzhan” [Relearning Beauvoir—A review of new developments in Beauvoir studies]. World Literature Recent Developments 3. pp. 45-47.
Shen, Ke & Xu Jun. (2009) “Di er xing zai zhongguo de yijie licheng” [The introduction and translation of The Second Sex in China]. Jianghai Academic Journal 4. 199-206.
Shu, Xiaofei. (trans.) (2009) Di er xing [The Second Sex]. Beijing: Xiyuan chubanshe.
Simon, Sherry. (1996) Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission. London & New York: Routledge.
Simons, Margaret A. (1983) “The Silencing of Simone de Beauvoir: Guess What’s Missing from The Second Sex”. Women’s Studies International Forum 6:5. pp. 559-564.
Simons, Margaret A. (1999) Beauvoir and The Second Sex: Feminism, Race, and the Origins of Extentialism. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Smith, Janet S. Shibamoto. (2005) “Translating True Love: Japanese Romance Fiction”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. pp. 97-116.
Susam-Sarajeva, Şebnem. (2005) “A Course on ‘Gender and Translation’: As an Indicator of Certain Gaps in the Research on the Topic”. In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. pp. 161-176.
Tang, Yi. (trans. & ed.) (2009) Di er xing: nvren [The Second Sex: Women]. Beijing: Beijing Yanshan chubanshe.
Tao, Tiezhu. (trans.) (1998) Di er xing (quan yi ben) [The Second Sex (translation of the whole book)]. Beijing: Zhongguo shuji chubanshe.
Thompson, Della (chief ed.) & Chen Kai. (trans) (2003) Niujin xiandai Yinghan shuangjie cidian (xin ban) [Concise Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary) (New Edition)]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press.
Wallmach, Kim. (2006) “Feminist translation strategies: different or derived?” Journal of Literary Studies, June 1.
Wang, Youqin; Qiu Xichun et al. (trans.) (1988) Nvren shi shenme [What is Woman]. Beijing: Zhongguo wenlian chuban gongsi. http://202.119.83.15:8080/opac/openlink.php?title=%C5%AE%C8%CB%CA%C7%CA%B2%C3%B4
Weber, Orest; Pascal Singy & Patrice Guex. (2005) “Gender and Interpreting in the Medical Sphere: What is at Stake?” In: Santaemilia, José (ed.) 2005. pp. 137-148.
Wu, Guanghua. (chief ed.) (1993/2002) Hanying da cidian (di er ban) [ChineseEnglish Dictionary (Second edition)]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press.
Wu, Guanghua. (chief ed.) (1998) Yinghan keji da cidian [An English-Chinese Dictionary of Science and Technology]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press.
Xiao, Yi & Zhang Yali, et al. (trans.) (1988) Nvxing de mimi [Female Secrets]. Beijing: Zhongguo guoji guangbo chubanshe.
Xie Tianzhen. (1999) Yijie xue [Medio-translatology]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Xu, Baoqiang & Yuan Wei. (eds.) (2001) Yuyan yu fanyi de zhengzhi [The Politics of Languages and Translation]. Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press. pp. 309-357.
Xu, Lai. (2004) “Zai nvxing de mingyi xia chongxie [Rewriting in the Name of Feminie: The significance of the Feminism Translation Theory in the Study of the Translator’s Subjectivity]”. Chinese Translators Journal 25:4. pp. 16-19.
Zhang, Jinghua. (2004) “Nvxing zhuyi dui chuantong yilun de dianfu jiqi juxianxing” [On the Contribution and Limitations of Feminist Translation Theory]. Chinese Translators Journal 25:4. pp. 20-25.
Zhou, Quan; Yan Zesheng & Zhao Qianghai. (trans.) (2000/2007) Jingshen fenxi daolun jiangyan [Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis], Sigmund Freud. Beijing: International Cultural Publishing Corporation.