The Resistance of Indigenous Women in the Chilean Nation-State: Challenges for Intersectionality in Public Policies
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Published:
Jul 24, 2024
Keywords:
indigenous women, intersectionality, public policies, Chile
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Abstract
The demands of indigenous women to the Chilean State have revealed the lack of intersectional approaches that permeate institutions and public policies. The multiple discriminations that some women face are made invisible by policies that do not recognize the incidence of ethnicity and coloniality, opening spaces for new discriminations. Based on 13 in-depth interviews with indigenous leaders of diverse indigenous communities, complemented by the analysis of the responses provided by 925 Mapuche women who participated in the Special Mapuche Survey CEP 87 (2022), this article analyzes the main demands that indigenous women have towards the State. The results show the importance of identity, territory, and participation.
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Figueroa Huencho, V., & Vergara Saavedra, P. (2024). The Resistance of Indigenous Women in the Chilean Nation-State: Challenges for Intersectionality in Public Policies. Asparkía. Investigació Feminista, (45), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.6035/asparkia.7730
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References
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True, Jacqui (2003). Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 5, 368–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674032000122740
Viveros Vigoya, Mara (2016). La interseccionalidad: una aproximación situada a la dominación. Debate Feminista, 52, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.df.2016.09.005
Viveros Vigoya, Mara (2018). ‘De la extraversión’ a las epistemologías ‘nuestroamericanas’. Un descentramiento en clave feminista. En Santiago Gómez Obando, Catherine Moore Torres y Leopoldo Múnera Ruiz (eds), Los saberes múltiples y las ciencias sociales y políticas. Bogotá: Unijus, pp: 171-192.
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CASEN 2020. Data social. Pueblos indígenas. Ministerio de Familia y Desarrollo Social. Disponible en: https://datasocial.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/portalDataSocial/catalogoDimension/53 [19 de octubre 2023].
CIDH (Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos). (2017a). Las mujeres indígenas y sus derechos humanos en las Américas. Disponible en: https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/mujeresindigenas.pdf (12/09/2023).
Collins, Patricia Hill (2015). Intersectionality’s Definitional Dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
Crenshaw, Kimberle. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139-167.
Eaton, Kenton (2004). Designing subnational institutions, regional and municipal reforms in postauthoritarian Chile. Comparative Political Studies, 37, 218-244.
autor/a, (2021a). xxx
autor/a, (2021a). xxx.
(2021b). Why do Indigenous public policies fail? Policy Studies, 43, 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2021.1954608
Hankivsky, Olena (2005). Gender mainstreaming vs. diversity mainstreaming: A preliminary examination of the role and transformative potential of feminist theory. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 38, 977-1001. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423905040783
Hankivsky, Olena y Cormier, Renee (2011). Intersectionality and Public Policy: Some Lessons from Existing Models. Political Research Quarterly, 64, 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910376385
Hancock, Angie Marie (2007). Intersectionality as a normative and empirical paradigm. Politics and Gender, 3, 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X07000062
Kuokkanen, Rauna (2012). Self-Determination and Indigenous Women's Rights at the Intersection of International Human Rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 34, 225-250.
La Barbera, María; Espinosa-Fajardo, Julia, y Caravantes Gonzalez, Paloma. (2022). Implementing Intersectionality in Public Policies: Key Factors in the Madrid City Council, Spain. Politics & Gender, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X22000241.
Lugones, María (2011). Hacia un feminismo decolonial sin marcas. La Manzana de la Discordia, 6, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v6i2.1504
Mercado Catriñir, Ximena; Alveal Alamos, Carolina.; Ketterer Romero, Lucy, y Obando-Cid, Augusto (2022). Violencias contra mujeres y cuerpos disidentes en gülumapu: Racismo, violencias coloniales y resistencias múltiples. Revista Historia, 29, 309-344. https://doi.org/10.29393/RH29-27VCMO40027
OEA (1994). Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar la Violencia contra la Mujer. Disponible en https://www.oas.org/es/mesecvi/docs/BelemDoPara-ESPANOL.pdf (03/08/2022)
Oliart, Patricia (2008). Indigenous Women’s Organizations and the Political Discourses of Indigenous Rights and Gender Equity in Peru. Latin American and Caribean Ethnic Studies, 3, 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17442220802462436
Olsen, Johan y Peters, Gay (1996). Lessons from Experience. Experiential Learning in Administrative Reforms in Eight Countries. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
ONU (2001). Informe de la Conferencia Mundial contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial, la Xenofobia y las Formas Conexas de Intolerancia Disponible en: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/215/46/PDF/N0221546.pdf?OpenElement (12/08/2023)
ONU Mujeres (2017). Recomendaciones Generales y Observaciones Finales del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer sobre mujeres indígenas y/o afrodescendientes realizadas a Estados de América Latina. Disponible en: https://lac.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Americas/Documentos/Publicaciones/2017/10/20170927CEDAWIndigenasAfrodescendientescompressed.pdf (12/08/2023)
Radcliffe, Sarah (2015). Dilemmas of Difference. Indigenous Women and the Limits of Postcolonial Development Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Schlager, Edella y Blomquist, William (1996) A Comparison of Three Emerging Theories of the Policy Process. Political Research Quarterly, 49, 651-72. https://doi.org/10.2307/449103
Sekher, M Madhushree y Kattumuri, Ruth (2018). Understanding Governance as a Process. En Governance and Governed Multi-country Perspectives on State, Society and Development, ed. Madhushree Sekher and Ruth Kattumuri, Singapore: Springer, pp:15-24.
Stark, Jessica (2013). Unequal communities: Exploring the relationship between colonialism, patriarchy and the marginalization of Aboriginal women. Footnotes, 6, 45-54.
True, Jacqui (2003). Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 5, 368–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674032000122740
Viveros Vigoya, Mara (2016). La interseccionalidad: una aproximación situada a la dominación. Debate Feminista, 52, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.df.2016.09.005
Viveros Vigoya, Mara (2018). ‘De la extraversión’ a las epistemologías ‘nuestroamericanas’. Un descentramiento en clave feminista. En Santiago Gómez Obando, Catherine Moore Torres y Leopoldo Múnera Ruiz (eds), Los saberes múltiples y las ciencias sociales y políticas. Bogotá: Unijus, pp: 171-192.
Yanow, Dvora (1993) The Communication of Policy Meanings: Implementation as Interpretation and Text, Policy Sciences, 26, 41-61.
Zapata Galindo, Martha, García Peter, Sabina y Chan de Avila, Jennifer (2012). Introducción la interseccionalidad en debate, en Zapata, García y Chan (coord..), Actas del Congreso Internacional “Indicadores Interseccionales y Medidas de Inclusión Social en Instituciones de Educación Superior”. Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Freie Universität Berlin.