The modal forms 'must' and 'should' in English academic discourse by Spanish postgraduates
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper presents a corpus linguistic study investigating the use and functions of the modal verbs, must and should, in academic discourse. The study analyses a corpus of doctoral dissertations within two distinct fields of knowledge, written in English and submitted to Spanish universities between 2011 and 2021. By employing corpus linguistics, we could interrogate this compilation to obtain concordances that could be analysed from a horizontal perspective, ensuring that each sample was appraised appropriately within its context of occurrence. The frequency and distribution of these modals in various contexts were examined. The findings revealed that must and should are utilised with differing frequencies and in diverse ways, depending on the academic discipline and the rhetorical purpose of the discourse. The paper contends that the use of modality, particularly deontic modality, is a vital aspect of academic writing, as it signals the writer's stance and the level of necessity, recommendation or obligation in their argumentation.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2023). The modal forms ’must’ and ’should’ in English academic discourse by Spanish postgraduates. Language Value, 16(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.6035/languagev.7304
Issue
Section
Articles
References
Alonso-Almeida, F. (2021). Los modales dinámicos en textos de historia en lengua inglesa (1700–1900). Signos. Revista de lingüística. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-09342021000200529
Alonso-Almeida, F. (2015). On the mitigating function of modality and evidentiality. Evidence from English and Spanish medical research papers. Intercultural Pragmatics, 12(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2015-0002
Alonso Almeida, F. (2014). Evidential and epistemic devices in English and Spanish medical, computing and legal scientific abstracts: A contrastive study. Linguistic Insights-Studies in Language and Communication.
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2021). Developing argumentation in history texts: Epistemic modality and evidentiality. Pragmalingüística. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Pragmalinguistica.2021.i29.01
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2020). ‘so that it may reach to the jugular’. Modal Verbs in Early Modern English Recipes. Studia Neofilologiczne, XVI, 61–88. https://doi.org/10.16926/sn.2020.16.04
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2019). Modal verb categories in CHET. In I. Moskowich et al. (Eds.), Writing history in Late Modern English: Explorations of the Coruña Corpus. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 150–161.
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Mele-Marrero, M. (2014). Stancetaking in seventeenth-century prefaces on obstetrics. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 15(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.15.1.01alo
Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2021). Authority and deontic modals in Late Modern English. In I. Moskowich et al. (Eds.), “All families and genera”: Exploring the Corpus of English Life Sciences Texts.
Álvarez-Gil, F. & Bondi, M. (2021). Metadiscourse devices in academic discourse. Revista Signos, 54(106), 518-528.
Auwera, J. Van der & Plungian, V. A. (1998). Modality’s semantic map. Linguistic Typology, 2(1), 79–124. https://doi.org/10.1515/lity.1998.2.1.79
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Caffi, C. (1999). On mitigation. Journal of Pragmatics, 31(7), 881–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00098-8
Caffi, C. (2007). Mitigation (Studies in Pragmatics). London: Elsevier.
Cann, R. (1993). Formal Semantics. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166317
Carr, J. (2017). Deontic modals. In The Routledge handbook of metaethics (pp. 194-210). Routledge.
Carrió Pastor, M. (2014). Cross-cultural variation in the use of modal verbs in academic English. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 27(1), 153-166.
Charlow, N. & Chrisman, M. (2016). Deontic Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717928.001.0001
Collins, P. (2009). Modals and Quasi-modals in English. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029095
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975752
Culpeper, J., Kerswill, P., Wodak, R., McEnery, A., Katamba, F., Culpeper, J. & Hardaker, C. (2018). Politeness in Interaction. English Language, Description, Variation and Context. London: Red Globe Press.
Czerwionka, L. (2012). Mitigation: The combined effects of imposition and certitude. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(10), 1163–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.05.002
Denison, D. (1993). English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions (Longman Linguistics Library). London: Longman.
Erickson, F. & Mohatt, G. (1982). “Cultural organization of participation structures in two classrooms of Indian students”. In G. Spindler (ed.), Doing the ethnography of schooling: Educational anthropology in action. Prospects Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. 132–174.
Flowerdew, J. & Peacock, M. (2012). Research perspectives on English for academic purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gao, Q. (2012). Interpersonal functions of epistemic modality in Academic English Writing. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 352-364.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Martin, J. R. (1993). Writing science: Literacy and discursive power. Falmer Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. New York: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783771
Han, C. H. (1999). Deontic modality, lexical aspect and the semantics of imperatives. Linguistics in the morning calm, 4, 475-95.
Hoye, L. (1997). Adverbs and Modality in English. New York: Routledge.
Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse. Exploring Interaction in Writing. London, New York: Continuum.
Hyland, K. (2004). Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing. University of Michigan Press.
Hyland, K. & Bondi, M. (Eds.). (2006). Academic discourse across disciplines (Vol. 42). Peter Lang.
Hyland, K. & Paltridge, B. (2011). The Continuum Companion to Discourse Analysis. London, New York: Continuum.
Leech, G. (2014). The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mortelmans, T., Boye, K. & Auwera, J. van der. (2009). Modals in the Germanic Languages. In B. Hansen and F. Haan (Eds.), Modals in the Languages of Europe. A Reference Work (pp. 1–58). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ormelius-Sandblom, E. (1996). The modal particle schon: Its syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. In T. Swan and O. J. Westvik (Eds.), Modality in Germanic Languages. Historical and Comparative Perspectives (pp. 75–131). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Palmer, F. R. (1990). Modality and the English Modals (2nd ed). New York: Longman. Palmer, Frank R. 2001. Mood and Modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167178
Pic, E. & Furmaniak, G. (2012). A study of epistemic modality in academic and popularised discourse: The case of possibility adverbs perhaps, maybe and possibly. Revista de Lenguas para Fines Específicos, 18, 13-44.
Portner, P. (2009). Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rayson, P. (2008). From key words to key semantic domains. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(4), 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.4.06ray
Recski, L. J. (2006). Investigating the use of modality in academic spoken discourse: A functional account of US Dissertation Defenses.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge University Press.
Werlich, E. (1976). Genre Analysis. Heidelberg: Quelle und Meyer.
REFERENCES FROM THE CORPUS
Alfonso Pérez, G. (2014). Modeling of dual listed Chinese stocks. Weak arbitrage environment. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Ayuso Díaz, A. (2021). Connected by conquest: East and Southeast Asia commercial integration during the Age of Empires. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Benítez Santana, T. (2011). First evidences of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish neural activity and their implications in behaviour [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
Bermejo, V. J. (2016). Essays on Program Evaluation and Investment. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Blázquez Salcedo, J. L. (2014). Rotating objects in general relativity and gauge theories. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Blazquez Cano, M. (2014). Consumer experience in a multichannel retail environment: a cross-country study of the fashion sector. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Buencuerpo Fariña, J. (2017). Light harvesting using photonic crystals for photovoltaic applications. . [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Calancha Paredes, H. (2011). Study of the production of the Σb(*)± with the CDF detector at the tevatron. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Cuadrado Ballesteros (2012). Determinant factors of functional decentralisation and externalisation of local public services. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Salamanca.
Domínguez Sánchez, H. (2012). Mass and star formation rate evolution of infrared selected galaxies in the cosmos field. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Fernández Fernández, F. (2018). South-South Agreements in the Framework of North-South Integration the Case of Morocco in the Euro-Mediterranean process. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
Gallardo Gallardo, E. (2013). Disentangling the ‘talent’ concept as applied to the world of work. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Barcelona.
García Bustamante, E. (2011). Statistical downscaling of surface wind field and wind energy over a complex terrain area. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
García Estevez (2012). Essays on universities and economic development. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Barcelona.
García Jorcano (2017). Sample size, skewness and leverage effects in value at risk and expected shortfall estimation. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
García Segador, P. (2020). Combinatorial Structure of Polytopesassociated to Fuzzy Measures. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Herrero Alba, D. (2020). Institutions, Labor Market Segmentation and Competitiveness in the German Political Economy. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Lobato Fernández, R. (2019). A Mechanical Insight into the Stability of the Chemical Bond. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Ortiz Valverde, G. (2020). Foreign Direct Investment, migration and trade in economic integration and desintegration processes: a CGE analysis. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Peinado Martínez, P. (2011). Pension system’s reform in Spain: a dynamic analysis of the effects on welfare. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad del País Vasco.
Pérez Muñóz, A. (2018). Electrochemical effects in doping with ionic liquids: the case of cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Platero Prats, A. E. (2011). New Alkaline-Earth Polymeric Frameworks as green materials for sorption and heterogeneous catalysis. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Rodríguez López, P. (2012). Casimir effect in systems in and out of equilibrium. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Román Cascón, C. (2016). Radiation fog, gravity waves and their interactions with turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Serrano Molina, M. (2021). Functional Multicomponent Hydrogen-Bonded Macrocycles. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Vázquez López, A. B. (2019). Three Essays in Corporate Governance, Accounting and Law. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Alonso-Almeida, F. (2015). On the mitigating function of modality and evidentiality. Evidence from English and Spanish medical research papers. Intercultural Pragmatics, 12(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2015-0002
Alonso Almeida, F. (2014). Evidential and epistemic devices in English and Spanish medical, computing and legal scientific abstracts: A contrastive study. Linguistic Insights-Studies in Language and Communication.
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2021). Developing argumentation in history texts: Epistemic modality and evidentiality. Pragmalingüística. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Pragmalinguistica.2021.i29.01
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2020). ‘so that it may reach to the jugular’. Modal Verbs in Early Modern English Recipes. Studia Neofilologiczne, XVI, 61–88. https://doi.org/10.16926/sn.2020.16.04
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2019). Modal verb categories in CHET. In I. Moskowich et al. (Eds.), Writing history in Late Modern English: Explorations of the Coruña Corpus. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 150–161.
Alonso-Almeida, F. & Mele-Marrero, M. (2014). Stancetaking in seventeenth-century prefaces on obstetrics. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 15(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.15.1.01alo
Álvarez-Gil, F. J. (2021). Authority and deontic modals in Late Modern English. In I. Moskowich et al. (Eds.), “All families and genera”: Exploring the Corpus of English Life Sciences Texts.
Álvarez-Gil, F. & Bondi, M. (2021). Metadiscourse devices in academic discourse. Revista Signos, 54(106), 518-528.
Auwera, J. Van der & Plungian, V. A. (1998). Modality’s semantic map. Linguistic Typology, 2(1), 79–124. https://doi.org/10.1515/lity.1998.2.1.79
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Caffi, C. (1999). On mitigation. Journal of Pragmatics, 31(7), 881–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00098-8
Caffi, C. (2007). Mitigation (Studies in Pragmatics). London: Elsevier.
Cann, R. (1993). Formal Semantics. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166317
Carr, J. (2017). Deontic modals. In The Routledge handbook of metaethics (pp. 194-210). Routledge.
Carrió Pastor, M. (2014). Cross-cultural variation in the use of modal verbs in academic English. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 27(1), 153-166.
Charlow, N. & Chrisman, M. (2016). Deontic Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717928.001.0001
Collins, P. (2009). Modals and Quasi-modals in English. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029095
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975752
Culpeper, J., Kerswill, P., Wodak, R., McEnery, A., Katamba, F., Culpeper, J. & Hardaker, C. (2018). Politeness in Interaction. English Language, Description, Variation and Context. London: Red Globe Press.
Czerwionka, L. (2012). Mitigation: The combined effects of imposition and certitude. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(10), 1163–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.05.002
Denison, D. (1993). English Historical Syntax: Verbal Constructions (Longman Linguistics Library). London: Longman.
Erickson, F. & Mohatt, G. (1982). “Cultural organization of participation structures in two classrooms of Indian students”. In G. Spindler (ed.), Doing the ethnography of schooling: Educational anthropology in action. Prospects Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. 132–174.
Flowerdew, J. & Peacock, M. (2012). Research perspectives on English for academic purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gao, Q. (2012). Interpersonal functions of epistemic modality in Academic English Writing. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 352-364.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Martin, J. R. (1993). Writing science: Literacy and discursive power. Falmer Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. New York: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783771
Han, C. H. (1999). Deontic modality, lexical aspect and the semantics of imperatives. Linguistics in the morning calm, 4, 475-95.
Hoye, L. (1997). Adverbs and Modality in English. New York: Routledge.
Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse. Exploring Interaction in Writing. London, New York: Continuum.
Hyland, K. (2004). Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing. University of Michigan Press.
Hyland, K. & Bondi, M. (Eds.). (2006). Academic discourse across disciplines (Vol. 42). Peter Lang.
Hyland, K. & Paltridge, B. (2011). The Continuum Companion to Discourse Analysis. London, New York: Continuum.
Leech, G. (2014). The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mortelmans, T., Boye, K. & Auwera, J. van der. (2009). Modals in the Germanic Languages. In B. Hansen and F. Haan (Eds.), Modals in the Languages of Europe. A Reference Work (pp. 1–58). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ormelius-Sandblom, E. (1996). The modal particle schon: Its syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. In T. Swan and O. J. Westvik (Eds.), Modality in Germanic Languages. Historical and Comparative Perspectives (pp. 75–131). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Palmer, F. R. (1990). Modality and the English Modals (2nd ed). New York: Longman. Palmer, Frank R. 2001. Mood and Modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167178
Pic, E. & Furmaniak, G. (2012). A study of epistemic modality in academic and popularised discourse: The case of possibility adverbs perhaps, maybe and possibly. Revista de Lenguas para Fines Específicos, 18, 13-44.
Portner, P. (2009). Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rayson, P. (2008). From key words to key semantic domains. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(4), 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.4.06ray
Recski, L. J. (2006). Investigating the use of modality in academic spoken discourse: A functional account of US Dissertation Defenses.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge University Press.
Werlich, E. (1976). Genre Analysis. Heidelberg: Quelle und Meyer.
REFERENCES FROM THE CORPUS
Alfonso Pérez, G. (2014). Modeling of dual listed Chinese stocks. Weak arbitrage environment. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Ayuso Díaz, A. (2021). Connected by conquest: East and Southeast Asia commercial integration during the Age of Empires. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Benítez Santana, T. (2011). First evidences of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish neural activity and their implications in behaviour [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
Bermejo, V. J. (2016). Essays on Program Evaluation and Investment. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Blázquez Salcedo, J. L. (2014). Rotating objects in general relativity and gauge theories. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Blazquez Cano, M. (2014). Consumer experience in a multichannel retail environment: a cross-country study of the fashion sector. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Buencuerpo Fariña, J. (2017). Light harvesting using photonic crystals for photovoltaic applications. . [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Calancha Paredes, H. (2011). Study of the production of the Σb(*)± with the CDF detector at the tevatron. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Cuadrado Ballesteros (2012). Determinant factors of functional decentralisation and externalisation of local public services. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Salamanca.
Domínguez Sánchez, H. (2012). Mass and star formation rate evolution of infrared selected galaxies in the cosmos field. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Fernández Fernández, F. (2018). South-South Agreements in the Framework of North-South Integration the Case of Morocco in the Euro-Mediterranean process. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
Gallardo Gallardo, E. (2013). Disentangling the ‘talent’ concept as applied to the world of work. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Barcelona.
García Bustamante, E. (2011). Statistical downscaling of surface wind field and wind energy over a complex terrain area. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
García Estevez (2012). Essays on universities and economic development. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Barcelona.
García Jorcano (2017). Sample size, skewness and leverage effects in value at risk and expected shortfall estimation. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
García Segador, P. (2020). Combinatorial Structure of Polytopesassociated to Fuzzy Measures. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Herrero Alba, D. (2020). Institutions, Labor Market Segmentation and Competitiveness in the German Political Economy. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Lobato Fernández, R. (2019). A Mechanical Insight into the Stability of the Chemical Bond. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Ortiz Valverde, G. (2020). Foreign Direct Investment, migration and trade in economic integration and desintegration processes: a CGE analysis. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Peinado Martínez, P. (2011). Pension system’s reform in Spain: a dynamic analysis of the effects on welfare. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad del País Vasco.
Pérez Muñóz, A. (2018). Electrochemical effects in doping with ionic liquids: the case of cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Platero Prats, A. E. (2011). New Alkaline-Earth Polymeric Frameworks as green materials for sorption and heterogeneous catalysis. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Rodríguez López, P. (2012). Casimir effect in systems in and out of equilibrium. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Román Cascón, C. (2016). Radiation fog, gravity waves and their interactions with turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Serrano Molina, M. (2021). Functional Multicomponent Hydrogen-Bonded Macrocycles. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
Vázquez López, A. B. (2019). Three Essays in Corporate Governance, Accounting and Law. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.