Relational Goods and Resolving the Paradox of Political Participation
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Relational goods provide a theoretical explanation for the puzzling fact that rational individuals engage in collective action, including political participation. Relational goods facilitate provision of public goods, although they are not public goods themselves. A relational good only exists when non-anonymous others share the good, the «identity» characteristic, but these might not be specific individuals in direct contact. «Indirect» relational goods, shared with persons of a certain type, such as a certain social identity, can also increase participation. It remains theoretically problematic how well-defined the «other» must be for a relational good to exist. The indirect relational goods provide key opportunities for elites to mobilize participation. Support for the role of relational goods in collective action comes from substantial empirical work (using survey data and field experiments) examining the roles of publicity, group identification, and mobilization in increasing political participation.
Los bienes relacionales ofrecen un marco teórico capaz de explicar el desconcertante hecho de por qué los individuos racionales participan en la acción colectiva, en la que se incluye la participación política. Los bienes relacionales facilitan la provisión de bienes públicos, aunque estos no sean en sí mismos bienes públicos. Un bien relacional sólo existe cuando se comparte un bien con otros sujetos no-anónimos –la característica de «identidad»– pero estos podrían no ser individuos específicos en contacto directo. Bienes relacionales «indirectos», compartidos por personas de un determinado tipo, como puede ser una cierta identidad social, también pueden aumentar la participación. Sigue siendo una problemática teórica el saber cómo definir bien la figura del «otro» para que pueda existir un bien relacional. Los bienes relacionales indirectos proporcionan oportunidades básicas para que las elites puedan lograr movilizar la participación. El apoyo del papel que desempeñan los bienes relacionales en la acción colectiva viene ratificado por un sustancial trabajo empírico (basado en encuestas y en trabajos de campo) que examina los papeles de la publicidad, de la identidad de grupo y de la movilización de una creciente participación política.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Citas
Aldrich, J. H. (1993): «Rational Choice and Turnout», American Journal of Political Science, 37 (Feb.), pp. 246-278.
Austin, S.D.W. et al. (2012): «The Effect of Racial Group Consciousness on the Political Participation of African Americans and Black Ethnics in MiamiDade County, Florida», Political Research Quarterly, 65 (Sept.), pp. 629-641.
Bardsley, N. (2005): «Interpersonal Interaction and Economic Theory: The Case of Public Goods» in Gui, B. and R. Sugden (eds.) (2005): Economics and Social Interaction: Accounting for Interpersonal Relations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Barreto, M. (2007): «Sí Se Puede! Latino Candidates and the Mobilization of Latino Voters», American Political Science Review, 101 (August), pp. 425-441.
Barreto, M. et al. (2004): «The Effects of Overlapping Majority-Minority Districts on Latino Turnout», American Political Science Review, 98 (February), pp. 65-75.
— (2005): «Metropolitan Latino Political Behavior: Turnout and Candidate Preference in Los Angeles», Journal of Urban Affairs, 27 (February), pp. 71-91.
Blais, A. (2000): To Vote or Not to Vote: The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice Theory, Pittsburgh, Pa., University of Pittsburgh Press.
Bobo, L. and F. D. Gilliam, Jr. (1990): «Race, Sociopolitical Participation and Black Empowerment», American Journal of Political Science, 84 (June), pp. 377-393.
Bond, R. et al. (2012): «A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization», Nature, 489, no. 7415 (Sept 13), pp. 295-298.
Bruni, L. (2008): «Back to Aristotle? Happiness, Eudaimonia, and Relational Goods» in Bruni, L. et al. (eds.) (2008): Capabilities and Happiness, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bruni, L. and S. Zamagni (L. Zsolnai ed.)(2007): Civil Economy: Efficiency, Equity, Public Happiness, [Serie: Frontiers of Business Ethics, vol. 2], Oxford, Peter Lang.
Burns, N. et al. (2001): The Private Roots of Public Action, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Dawson, M. C. (1994): Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
— (2003): Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Donati, P. (1986): Introduzione alla sociologia relazionale, Milan, F. Angeli.
— (2011): Relational Sociology: A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences, [Serie: Ontological Explorations], New York, Routledge.
Gay, C. (2001): «The Effect of Black Congressional Representation on Political Participation», American Political Science Review, 95, pp. 589-602.
Gerber, A. S. and D. P. Green (2000): «The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment», American Political Science Review, 94, pp. 653-663.
Gerber, A. S. et al. (2008): «Social Pressure and Voter Turnout: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment», American Political Science Review, 102, pp. 33-48.
— (2010): «An Experiment Testing the Relative Effectiveness of Encouraging Voter Participation by Inducing Feelings of Pride or Shame», Political Behavior, 32, pp. 409-422.
Green, D. P. and A. S. Gerber (2008): Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press.
Green, D. P. et al. (2013): «Field Experiments and the Study of Voter Turnout», Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 23, pp. 27-48.
Gui, B. (1987): «Elements pour une definition d’economie communautaire», Notes et Documents, 19-20, pp. 32-42.
— (2000): «Beyond Transactions: On the Interpersonal Dimension of Economic Reality», Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Special Issue on «Economics and Interpersonal Relations» (ed. Gui, B), 71, pp. 139-169.
— (2005): «From Transactions to Encounters: The Joint Generation of Relational Goods and Conventional Values» in Gui, B. and R. Sugden (eds.) (2005): Economics and Social Interaction: Accounting for Interpersonal Relations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, B. O. (1987): «The Effects of Racial Group Consciousness on Political Mobilization in American Cities»,Western Political Quarterly,40, pp. 631-646.
Le, D. (2013): Under Pressure? Effects of Social Pressure on Political Participation in a Vietnamese Community in California. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California, Irvine.
Leighley, J. E. and A. Vedlitz (1999): «Race, Ethnicity, and Political Participation: Competing Models and Contrasting Explanations»,Journal of Politics, 61, pp. 1092-1114.
Leighley, J. E. (2001): Strength in Numbers? The Political Mobilization of Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Lien, P. (1994): «Ethnicity and Political Participation: A Comparison Between Asian and Mexican Americans», Political Behavior, 16, pp. 237-264.
McClain P. D. and J. Stewart (2006): Can We All Get Along? Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics, Boulder, Colorado, Westview.
McClain, P. D. et al. (2009): «Group Membership, Group Identity, and Group Consciousness: Measures of Racial Identity in American Politics?», Annual Review of Political Science, 12, pp. 471-485.
Miller, A. H. et al. (1981): «Group Consciousness and Political Participation», American Journal of Political Science, 25, pp. 494-511.
Nussbaum, M. C. (1986): The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Panagopoulos, C. (2010): «Affect, Social Pressure and Prosocial Motivation: Field Experimental Evidence of the Mobilizing Effects of Pride, Shame and Publicizing Voting Behavior», Political Behavior, 32, pp. 369-386.
Panagopoulos, C. et al. (2013): «Social Pressure, Descriptive Norms, and Voter
Mobilization», Political Behavior, [link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-013-9234-4/fulltext.html] [DOI 10.1007/s11109-013-9234-4].
Reingold, B. and J. Harrell (2010): «The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Women’s Political Engagement: Does Party Matter?», Political Research Quarterly, 63, pp. 280-294.
Rocha, R. R. et al. (2010): «Race and Turnout: Does Descriptive Representation in State Legislatures Increase Minority Voting?», Political Research Quarterly, 63, pp. 890-907.
Sanchez, G. R. (2006): «The Role of Group Consciousness in Political Participation Among Latinos in the United States»,American Politics Research, 34, pp. 427-450.
Sanchez, G. R. and N. Masuoka (2010): «Brown-Utility Heuristic? The Presence and Contributing Factors of Latino Linked Fate», Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32, pp. 519-531.
Shingles, R. D. (1981): «Black Consciousness and Political Participation: The Missing Link», American Political Science Review, 75, pp. 76-91.
Sinclair, B. et al. (2012): «Detecting Spillover Effects: Design and Analysis of Multilevel Experiments», American Journal of Political Science, 56, pp. 1055-1069.
Stokes, A. K. (2003): «Latino Group Consciousness and Political Participation», American Politics Research, 31, pp. 361-378.
Sugden, R. (1984): «Reciprocity: The Supply of Public Goods Through Voluntary Contributions» Economic Journal, 94, pp. 772-787.
— (2002): «Beyond Sympathy and Empathy: Adam Smith’s Concept of Fellow-Feeling», Economics and Philosophy, 18, pp. 63-87.
— (2005): «Fellow-Feeling» in Gui, B. and R. Sugden (eds.) (2005): Economics and Social Interaction: Accounting for Interpersonal Relations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, H. et al. (1971): «Social Categorization and Intergroup Behavior», European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, pp. 149-178.
Tajfel, H.(1982): «Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations», Annual Review of Psychology, 33, pp. 1-39.
Tate, K. (1991): «Black Political Participation in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections», American Political Science Review, 85, pp. 1159-1176.
— (2003): Black Faces in the Mirror: African Americans and their Representatives in the u.s. Congress, Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press.
Turner, J. C. (1975): «Social Comparison and Social Identity: Some Prospects for Intergroup Behavior», European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, pp. 1-34.
— (1982): «Toward a Cognitive Redefinition of the Social Group» in Tajfel, H. (ed.) (1982): Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, New York, Cambridge University Press.
Uhlaner, C. J. (1986): «Political Participation, Rational Actors, and Rationality: A New Approach», Political Psychology, 7, pp. 551-573.
— (1989a): «Relational Goods and Participation», Public Choice, 62, pp. 253-285.
— (1989b): «Rational Turnout: The Neglected Role of Groups», American Journal of Political Science, 33, pp. 390-422.
— (2002): «The Impact of Perceived Representation on Latino Political Participation», Research Monograph 02-06, Center for the Study of Democracy, University of California, Irvine.
Uhlaner, C. J. et al. (1989): «Political Participation of Ethnic Minorities in the 1980s», Political Behavior, 11, pp. 195-231.
Uhlaner, C. J. et al. (2013): «Descriptive Representation and Voter Turnout in the U.S.: Effects of the Intersection of Gender, Race and Ethnicity», manuscript.
Verba, S. and N. Nie (1972): Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality, New York, Harper and Row.
Verba, S. et al. (1995): Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.