.

[1]. PAULINE STAFFORD (ed.): Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King’s wife in the early Middle Ages, Atenas: University of Georgia Press, 1983. JOHN CARMI PARSON (ed.): Medieval Queenship, New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 1998. NÚRIA SILLERAS FERNÁNDEZ: Power, piety and Patronage in Late Medieval Queenship: Maria de Luna. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2008. THERESA EARENFIGHT: The King’s other body. Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 2010. DIANA PELAZ FLORES: «Queenship: teoría y práctica del ejercicio del poder en la Baja Edad Media castellana», in MARÍA ISABEL DEL VAL VALDIVIESO, JUAN FRANCISCO JIMÉNEZ ALCÁZAR (eds.): Las mujeres en la Edad Media, Lorca: Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales, 2013, pp. 277-287. DIANA PELAZ FLORES and MARÍA ISABEL VAL VALDIVIESO: «La Historia de las Mujeres en el siglo XXI a través del estudio de la Reginalidad medieval», Revista de historiografía, 22, 2015, pp. 101-127.

[2]. ERIKA GRAHAM-GOERING: Princely Power in Late Medieval France. Jeanne de Penthièvre and the War for Brittany, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020, p. 130.

[3]. RUTH AHNERT (coord.): The Network Turn: Changing Perspectives in the Humani ties, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020.

[4]. NICOLAS RUFFINI-RONZANI and SEBASTIEN DE VALERIOLA: «A Network History of Historical Network Analysis: Using a citation Network to Explore Historiography», in MATTHEW HAMMOND (ed.): Social Network Analysis and Medieval History, Leeds, ARC Humanities Press, 2025, pp. 38.

[5]. FORREST PITTS: «A graph Theoretic Approach to Historical Geography», The Professional Geographer, 17, 5, 1965, pp. 15-20. RICHARD M. SMITH: «Kin and Neighbors in a 13th-century Suffolk Community», Journal of Family History, 4, 3, 1979, pp. 219-256. JUDITH BENETT: «The Tie that Binds: Peasant Marriages and Families in Late Medieval England», The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15, 1, 1984, pp. 111-129.

[6]. JOHN PADGETT and CHRISTOPHER ANSELL: «Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici», The American Journal of Sociology 98, 6, 1993, pp. 1259-1319.

[7]. CLAIRE LEMERCIER: «Analyse de réseaux et histoire de la famille: Une recontre encore à venir?», Annales de démographie historique, 109, 1, 2005, pp. 59-95. CHARLES WHETERELL: «Historical Social Network Analysis», International Review of Social History, 43, 1998, pp. 125-144.

[8]. JOHN SCOTT: Social Network Analysis: A Handbook, Newbury, Sage, 2000. KATHRYN REYERSON: Women’s Networks in Medieval France: gender and Community in Montpellier 1300-1350, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2016. MATTHEW HAMMOND: «From Digital Prosopography to Social Network Analysis: Medieval People in the Twelve-First Century», Medieval People: Social Bonds, Kinship and Networks 36, 2021. MATTHEW HAMMOND (ed.): Social Network Analysis and Medieval History, Leeds: ARC Humanities Press, 2025.

[9]. JOHANNES PREISER-KAPELLER: «Letters and Network Analysis», in ALEXANDER RIEHLE (ed.): A Companion to Byzantine Epistolography, Leiden: Brill, 2020, pp. 436.

[10]. MATTHEW HAMMOND: «Network Science meets Medieval History. Approaches and Methods in an Emergent field», in MATTHEW HAMMOND (ed.): Social Network Analysis and Medieval History, Leeds: ARC Humanities Press, 2025, pp. 30-32.

[11]. Archivo de la Corona de Aragón (ACA), Real Cancillería (RC), registro (reg.) 1818, 1822, 2034, 2037, 2053 and 2056.

[12]. DAWN BRATSCH-PRINCE: «A Queen’s Task: Violant de Bar and the Experience of Royal Motherhood in Fourteenth-Century Aragon», La Corónica, 27, 1998, pp. 22.

[13]. ZITA ROHR: «Lessons for my Daughter: self-fashioning statewomanship in the Late Medieval Crown of Aragon», in LAURA DELBRUGGE (ed.): Self-fashioning and Assumptions of Identity in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2015, 57. FRANCISCA VENDRELL GALLOSTRA: Violante de Bar y el Compromiso de Caspe, Barcelona, RABL, 1992; ISABEL DE RIQUER, «Los libros de Violante de Bar», in MARÍA DEL MAR GRAÑA CID (coord..): Las sabias mujeres: educación, saber y autoría (siglos III-XVIII), Madrid: Al-Mudayna, 1994, pp. 161-174; DAWN BRATSCH-PRINCE: «A reappraisal of the correspondence of Violante de Bar (1365-1431)», Catalan Review, 8, 1994, pp. 295-312; DAWN BRASTCH-PRINCE, Violante de Bar (1365-1431), Madrid: Ediciones Orto, 2002; CLAIRE PONSICH: «Un térmoignaige de la Culture en Cedagne, la correspondance de Violante de Bar (1380-1431)», in M. ZIMMERMANN (coord.) Le Moyen Âge dans les Pyrénées catalanes: art, culture et société, Prades: Études Roussillonnaises, 2005, pp. 147-194; CLAIRE PONSICH: «Violante de Bar (1365-1431). Ses liens et réseaux de relations par le sang et l’alliance», in Reines et princesses au Moyen Âge, actes du 5e colloque international de l’Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier 24-27 novembre 1999, Montpellier: Presses Universitaires de Montpellier, 2001, pp. 233-276.

[14]. EDUARD JUNCOSA BONET: «En busca de princesa. La diplomacia matrimonial (oficial y «rebelde») en la Corona de Aragón a fines del trescientos», in JOSÉ M. NIETO SORIA y ÓSCAR VILLARROEL GONZÁLEZ (eds.): Diplomacia y cultura política en la península ibérica (siglos XI al XV), Madrid, Sílex, 2021, pp. 109-128. ACA, RC, reg. 1265, f. 65r. JOSEP MARIA ROCA: «Johan I d’Aragó», Memorias de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, 11, 1929, p. 423.

[15]. LLEDÓ RUIZ DOMINGO: «Queenship, Wealth and Material Culture in Late Medieval Iberia: Sibila de Fortià’s Evolution from Royal Mistress to Dowager Queen of the Crown of Aragon (1375–1387)», Journal of Medieval History 50, 5, 2024, pp. 615-636. JOSEP MARIA ROCA: «La reyna empordanesa», Memorias de la real academia de buenas letras de Barcelona, 10, 1928, pp. 2-211; ALBERTO BÒSCOLO: La reina Sibil·la de Fortià, Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau, 1971.

[16]. ACA, RP, MR, vol, SG, 517, f. 111v. A translation to this quote would be: «The queen now reigning».

[17]. NÚRIA SILLERAS FERNÁNDEZ: «Money Isn’t Everything: Concubinage, Class, and the Rise and Fall of Sibil·la de Fortià, Queen of Aragon (1377–1387)», in THERESA EARENFIGHT (ed.): Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp. 57-88.

[18]. LOUISE WILKINSON and SARA WOLFSON: «Introduction: Premodern Queenship and Diplomacy», Women’s History Review, 30, 5, 2021, pp. 713-722.

[19]. The queen’s movements in 1387 can be reconstructed only indirectly through her correspondence, which nonetheless provides a clear outline of her limited mobility during the year. Violant is already attested in Barcelona on 7 January, and her first identifiable displacement does not occur until October, when she undertook a pilgrimage to Montserrat. The letters place her in Molins de Rei on 17, 18, and 19 October (ACA, RC, reg 2053, f. 34r), before reaching Montserrat on the 20th and 21st (ACA; RC, reg. 2053, f. 34r-36v). She then returned directly to Barcelona (ACA, RC, reg. 2037, f. 65v-66r), where she is recorded on 24 October. By 4 November she had moved to Vilafranca del Penedès (ACA, RC, reg. 2037, f. 72v), where she appears to have remained for the rest of the year.

[20]. All the following figures have been built drawing upon the chancery records: ACA, RC, reg. 1818, 1822, 2034, 2037, 2053 and 2056. This geolocation was produced using Nodegoat as a research and visualisation environment. The resulting map represents the full corpus of outgoing correspondence issued by the queen’s chancery in 1387.

[21]. ALEXANDRA BEAUCHAMP: «Ordonnaces et réformes de l’Hôtel Royal au debut du règne de Pierre IV d’Aragon», Anuario de estudios medievales, 39, 2, 2009, pp. 559-560. FRANCISCO DE PAULA CAÑAS GÁLVEZ: Burocracia y cancillería en la corte de Juan II de Castilla (1406-1454): estudio institucional y prosopográfico, Universidad de Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2012. FRANCISCO SEVILLANO COLOM: «Apuntes para el estudio de la cancillería de Pedro IV el Ceremonioso», Anuario de Historia del derecho español, 20, 1950, pp. 137-241.

[22]. PAUL PAYAN: Entre Rome et Avignon. Une histoire du Grand Schisme (1378-1417), París, Flammarion, 2009. JEAN CHELINI: L’Église au temps des schismes (1294-1449), París, Armand Colin, 1982.

[23]. HENRI BRESC: «La maison d’Aragon et le Schisme: Implications de politique internationale», en

Jornades sobre el Cisma d’Occident a Catalunya, les Illes i el País Valencià, Barcelona, Institut d’Estudis Catalans, 1986, pp. 37-53. RAFAEL TASIS I MARCA: «La indiferència de Pere III en el Gran Cisma d’Occident», in VII Congrés d’Història de la Corona d’Aragó, Barcelona, Instituto de Estudios Mediterráneos, 1964. ANDRÉS IVARS: «La ‘indiferencia’ de Pedro IV de Aragón en el Gran Cisma de Occidente (1378- 1382)», Archivo Iberoamericano, 19, 1928, pp. 21-97. JAUME SANABRE: «El Cisma de Occidente y los Reyes de Aragón», Reseña Eclesiástica, 19, 1927, pp. 143-150. About the Joan and Sibil·la during the Schism: LLEDÓ RUIZ DOMINGO: «Prácticas devocionales y espacios litúrgicos de Sibila de Fortià, reina de la Corona de Aragón (r. 1377–1387)», Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies, 13, 2, 2021, pp. 214-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17546559.2021.1933128

[24]. This visualisation was produced using Nodegoat as a research and visualisation environment. The resulting map highlights the main clusters of projected authority within the queen’s outgoing correspondence network in 1387.

[25]. LLEDÓ RUIZ DOMINGO: ««El nostre offici de reina». Mediación, autoridad e intervención política de la reina María de Luna en las luchas de bandos del reino de Valencia de 1404», Hispania. Revista española de Historia, 85, 2025, 1214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/hispania.2025.1214

[26]. THERESA EARENFIGHT: «Without the Persona of the Prince: Kings, Queens and the Idea of Monarchy in Late Medieval Europe», Gender and History 19/1, 2007, pp. 1–21.

[27]. This network visualisation was generated in Kumu. The graph represents the ego-network of Queen Violant’s outgoing correspondence in 1387, highlighting her central position within the relational structure of governance.

[28]. More about co-rulership in: ELENA WOODACRE: The Queens Regnant of Navarre, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014; GABRIELLE STOREY: «Co-operation, Co-Rulership and Competition. Queenship in the Emerging Angevin Domains, 1135-1230», University of Winchester: PhD Thesis, 2020.

[29]. This visualisation was generated in Kumu and it represents the ego-network of Queen Violant’s epistolary activity during 1387. Each node corresponds to an individual, office, or collective recipient of her letters, while edges indicate the presence of documented communication. Node sizes are weighted on a continuous scale from 0.3 to 3, reflecting the relative frequency of correspondence directed to each recipient, thereby highlighting the actors with whom the queen maintained the most sustained interaction. Recipients are classified into analytical categories: ecclesiastics; foreign monarchies; the Aragonese royal family; officers of the Crown; municipal governments; members of the queen’s household; officers of the queen’s lands; the king’s household; private individuals; noble elites; and urban factions. Each represented by a distinct colour. The queen occupies the central position of the graph, reflecting both the directionality and the structural organisation of her authority as recorded in the documentary corpus.

[30]. In the Crown of Aragon, the queen’s patrimony was known as La Cambra o Càmera de la Reina, which encompassed all the municipalities, revenues and jurisdictional rights managed by the queen consort. LLEDÓ RUIZ DOMINGO: El Tresor de la reina. Recursos i gestió econòmica de les reines consorts a la Corona d’Aragó (ss. XIV-XV), Madrid: CSIC, 2022, pp. 107-110. About queens consorts as Landholders in other European monarchies: KATIA WRIGHT: A Dower for Life: Understanding the Dowers of England’s Medieval Queens, in AIDAN NORRIE (ed.), Later Plantagenet and the Wars of the Roses Consorts: Power, Influence and Dynasty. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan, 2023, pp. 145-163; MICHELLE SEAH: Financing Queenship in Late Fifteenth Century England Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2025; JEAN-MARC CAZILHAC: Le Douaire des reines de France à la fin du Moyen Âge, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2017.